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328 pages, Paperback
First published January 1, 1928
“Todos los testimonios históricos coinciden en la aserción de que el pueblo incaico vivía con bienestar material. Las subsistencias abundaban, la población crecía.”
“Ya desde el comienzo del libro vemos una característica del estilo de redacción de Mariátegui que le habrá proporcionado cierta frustración a más de un lector: acostumbra citar textos sin dar datos bibliográficos completos.”
"No faltaban en América guerras de conquista y de exterminio, venta de esclavos, sacrificios sangrientos, antropofagia, división en clases y en castas, arbitrariedades e injusticias, epidemias y años de hambre y de sequía. Cuando Cortés llegó a Yucatán encontró gran cantidad de ciudades en guerra entre sí, diezmadas las poblaciones por las luchas, el hambre y la peste (Historia de América, dirigida por Ricardo Levene, edic. Jackson, I, 269). No es simple azar que al llegar a los umbrales de los dos grandes imperios americanos el conquistador español haya encontrado con la disensión y la guerra: aztecas y tlascaltecas, Huáscar y Atahualpa. Conocemos bastante las imperfecciones del régimen político y social europeo, lo cual no autoriza a idealizar el régimen precolombino. Las utopías sobre una edad de oro americana son expresión del espíritu utopista de la civilización occidental y tienen su fuente común en el sueño humano y universal en un pasado mejor."
"If the historical evidence of Inca communism is not sufficiently convincing, the “community”—the specific organ of that communism—should dispel any doubt. The “despotism” of the Incas, however, has offended the scruples of some of our present-day liberals. I want to restate here the defense that I made of Inca communism and refute the most recent liberal thesis, presented by Augusto Aguirre Morales in his novel El pueblo del sol.
Modern communism is different from Inca communism. This is the first thing that must be learned and understood by the scholar who delves into Tawantinsuyo. The two communisms are products of different human experiences. They belong to different historical epochs. They were evolved by dissimilar civilizations. The Inca civilization was agrarian; the civilization of Marx and Sorel is industrial. In the former, man submitted to nature; in the latter, nature sometimes submits to man. It is therefore absurd to compare the forms and institutions of the two communisms. All that can be compared is their essential and material likeness, within the essential and material difference of time and space. And this comparison requires a certain degree of historical relativism. Otherwise, one is sure to commit the error made by Víctor Andrés Belaúnde when he attempted a comparison of this kind.
The chroniclers of the conquest and of the colonial period viewed the indigenous panorama with medieval eyes. Their testimony cannot be accepted at face value.
Their judgments were strictly in keeping with their Spanish and Catholic points of view. But Aguirre Morales is also the victim of fallacious reasoning. His position in the study of the Inca empire is not a relativist one. Aguirre considers and examines the empire with liberal and individualist prejudices. And he believes that under the Incas, the people were enslaved and miserable because they lacked liberty."
"Hitherto the study of the social structure of Ireland in the past has been marred by one great fault. For a description and interpretation of Irish social life and customs the student depended entirely upon the description and interpretation of men who were entirely lacking in knowledge of, and insight into, the facts and spirit of the things they attempted to describe. Imbued with the conception of feudalistic or capitalistic social order, the writers perpetually strove to explain Irish institutions in terms of an order of things to which those institutions were entirely alien. Irish titles, indicative of the function in society performed by their bearers, the writers explained by what they supposed were analogous titles in the feudal order of England, forgetful of the fact that as the one form of society was the antithesis of the other, and not its counterpart, the one set of titles could not possibly convey the same meaning as the other, much less be a translation.
Much the same mistake was made in America by the early Spanish conquistadores in attempting to describe the social and political systems of Mexico and Peru, with much the same results of introducing almost endless confusion into every attempt to comprehend life as it actually existed in those countries before the conquest. The Spanish writers could not mentally raise themselves out of the social structure of continental Europe, and hence their weird and wonderful tales of despotic Peruvian and Mexican ‘Emperors’ and ‘Nobles’ where really existed the elaborately organised family system of a people not yet fully evolved into the political state. Not until the publication of Morgan’s monumental work on Ancient Society, was the key to the study of American native civilisation really found and placed in the hands of the student. The same key will yet unlock the doors which guard the secrets of our native Celtic civilisation, and make them possible of fuller comprehension for the multitude. "