This volume reflects on two and a half centuries of Mughal-European relations, beginning with the early sixteenth centruy and is based on extensive research into Portuguese, Dutch, English, French, and Persian materials of the period. It uses the idea of contained conflict to reject both the view of total cultural incompatibility between East and West, and the simplistic paradigm of partnership and mutual understanding proposed by some recent scholars.
He taught Delhi School of Economics, then EHESS (Paris), then Oxford, before becoming Holder of Navin and Pratima Doshi Chair of Indian History at UCLA which he joined in 2004. In 2013, he became Holder of Early Modern Global History Chair at Collège de France.