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Catastrophes and Lesser Calamities: The Causes of Mass Extinctions

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In Catastrophes and Lesser Calamities , renowned geologist Tony Hallam takes us on a tour of the Earth's history, and of the cataclysmic events, as well as the more gradual extinctions, that have punctuated life on Earth throughout the past 500 million years.

While comparable books in this field of study tend to promote only one likely cause of mass extinctions, such as extraterrestrial impact, volcanism, and or climatic cooling, Catastrophes and Lesser Calamities breaks new ground, as the first book to attempt an objective coverage of all likely causes, including sea-level and climatic changes, oxygen deficiency in the oceans, volcanic activity, and extraterrestrial impact.

Hallam focuses on the so-called 'big five' mass extinctions, at the end of the Ordovician, Permian, Triassic, and Cretaceous periods, and the later Devonian, and he also includes less well-known examples where relevant. He devotes attention especially to the attempts by geologists to distinguish true catastrophes from more gradual extinction events, and he concludes with a discussion of the evolutionary significance of mass extinctions, and on the influence of Homo sapiens in causing extinctions within the last few thousand years, both on land and in the seas.

Paperback

First published May 13, 2004

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Tony Hallam

2 books

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Displaying 1 - 4 of 4 reviews
Profile Image for Nicky.
4,138 reviews1,113 followers
December 17, 2015
Cheerful title, I know. It’s about mass extinctions, in theory: not just the really iconic one at the K-T boundary (that’s the dinosaurs), but the end-Permian, and others that have been defined as extinctions, some in more detail than others. I was hoping it would focus on the causes of mass extinctions and the immediate effects on animals, but actually it included a lot of geology and didn’t spend that much time discussing specific extinctions — more like ways we can find those extinctions in the fossil record, and even to what extent we can call these events mass extinctions. (For example, by the time you reach the K-T boundary in the record, most dinosaurs were already extinct and the diversity of species was tailing off.)

It’s a little dry, but not a bad guide; I only really skimmed parts of it, because I know a lot of this info about geology. It is interesting to see some things that people think they know being examined and the foundations weakened, though.

Originally posted here.
Profile Image for denudatio_pulpae.
1,573 reviews33 followers
February 26, 2020
Tony Hallam przedstawił wielkie wymierania z trochę innej strony niż Peter Ward ("Kres ewolucji"). Jakie mogły być przyczyny tych katastrofalnych kryzysów? Zderzenia z planetoidami, zmiany poziomu mórz, anoksja wód oceanicznych czy może wybuchy wulkanów? A może wszystko razem? I skąd w ogóle o nich wiemy, jakie są na to dowody? Każde z tych zagadnień jest wyczerpująco opracowane, więc jeżeli chcecie poznać odpowiedzi na te pytania - sięgajcie śmiało po tę książkę.

"Swoiste motto tej książki brzmi zatem: wielkie wymierania zależą w ostatecznym rachunku od zmian środowiska fizycznego, a zmiany te nie są wynikiem aktywności żywych organizmów. Od tej reguły istnieje tylko jeden wyjątek - gatunek Homo sapiens [...]".

Oczywiście, przecież my człowieki jesteśmy takie wyjątkowe. Szkoda tylko, że nie potrafimy tymi swoimi mądrymi móżdżkami ogarnąć pewnych spraw. A na koniec jeszcze jeden cytat, który mnie właściwie dobił:
"Jeszcze bardzo niedawno wszystkie twory przyrody - zwierzęta, rośliny czy minerały - traktowane były w zgodzie z tradycją chrześcijańską jako dane od Boga, a ich eksploatację uważaliśmy nieledwie za obowiązek. Dziś znaczna część ludzi, przynajmniej w warstwach oświeconych, docenia znaczenie środków podejmowanych na rzecz ochrony przyrody".

Książka Hallama została wydana w 2004 roku, minęło od tej pory szesnaście lat, a ja mam wrażenie, że w tym temacie nie nastąpił żaden progres, żeby nie powiedzieć, że doczekaliśmy się tylko regresu. Chociaż, w co bardzo chcę wierzyć, jest możliwe, że osoby poruszające biblijną wykładnię na temat ekologii, po prostu nie łapią się do grona tych oświeconych - i na tym stwierdzeniu poprzestanę.
7/10
Profile Image for bitmaid.
84 reviews7 followers
June 16, 2017

I wonder what biologists think of this book. It's a pretty cool geologist POV! Good common sense and info. The author goes through mass extinctions in Earth's history, putting clues here and there together to find the most probable major cause. It remains speculation in the end, but the line of thinking has been clearly established: physical, earth-bound changes > biotic ones > extraterrestrial ones. Though again since this book was published over a decade ago & I wonder if the author would revalue his propositions now. Human activities have been brought up near the end, well it's been over 10 years, how much closer are we to wiping out 2/3 other-taxa biomass? Also it seems for the first time ever it would be logical to attribute mass extinction to biotic causes which is also why I want biologists to weigh in. I gotta stop reading science books over 10 years old tho if I can find more recent ones on the same subject matter.

Profile Image for Jedd Lob.
3 reviews
August 26, 2025
Book was bought for me as a present in my teens. Only read it now. Heavily academic and probably geared towards a junior / senior level geology / archeology student or above. Struggled to finish parts of it. Needed a lot of research into geological concepts.
Displaying 1 - 4 of 4 reviews

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