In simple terms, this book by neuroscientist LeDoux states that we are who we are because of how our brains are connected. Circuitry is more important than the theory of "chemical/neurotransmitter balance" Although LeDoux points to the importance of neurotransmitters in modulating synaptic transmission, he thinks that the overall connectivity of circuits is more important. At least, that's what I got from the book.
I have to admit to skimming through some parts that were a little above my head, but much of it is perfectly understandable to laypeople, or people in the medical profession. LeDoux points to the research done so far on the brain, and adds to the historical knowledge his own research. He works mainly on the workings of the brain in the presence of fear and states of anxiety, and his findings are based on this research. I had a little trouble reading about the various ways that scientists discover things about the brain. Much of the research is done through animal studies, and often involves destroying parts of the brain to see what happens. (or many times, through learning and conditioning) Monkey and rat research is used mainly, and if you are anti-animal research, you'll find it hard to read about that aspect of the work.
Being a person who has dealt with anxiety and depression, as well as chronic low self-esteem, this book had much that interested me. I knew before this that Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and biofeedback worked for me, as well as SSRIs. Now I know why. I also feel a sense of optimism, that I really can change my thinking patterns with some hard work. The brain learns things and it can be hard to unlearn those patterns. But the brilliant thing is that the brain *wants* to learn, so creating new patterns is relatively easy with persistence. This is why I feel that meditation, yoga and overall stress reduction is going to be very important to my overall mental health. Psychology and neuroscience are really trying to accomplish the same thing.
Here's just a snippet of the amazing things he talks about it one section. (paraphrased here):
There's a two regions of your hippocampus called the CA3 region and the dentate gyrus. The hippocampus is known to help with learning and memory processing. When there are elevated cortisol levels, as in Cushing's disease or in chronic anxiety or depressive states, the cells of the CA3 region actually degenerate and die. The cells in the dentate gyrus normally have high rates of neurogenesis, or growth of new cells (which may be key in the forming of new memories or learning). In the presence of high cortisol, these cells do not regenerate. The brains of people with high cortisol have smaller than average hippocampus regions. With therapy or drugs, these regions typically grow again. LeDoux also points here to the work of Mark Sopolosky, who wrote the book "Why zebras don't get ulcers", which is on my reading list.
LeDoux points out that we learn explicitly and implicitly, that is consciously and unconsciously. While we may not be able to control the implicit learning, we certainly can have an effect by purposely thinking in certain ways, a la cognitive behavioral therapy. So "positive thinking" isn't just some hippie guru panacea, it makes real scientific sense. Awesome!
My next book is going to be a book on optimism by Michael J. Fox, because I'd like to read more positive things right now!