A continuation of Homer’s epic poem, Kazantzakis’s own Odyssey finds Odysseus once again leaving Ithaca on finding that the satisfactions of home and hearth are not as he remembered them. Following an encounter with the former Helen of Troy (now returned to her husband, the king of Sparta, after the ignominious defeat of the Trojans), Odysseus gradually wends his way to Egypt and southward, grappling all the while with questions about the nature of God. Considered by Kazantzakis himself to be one of his most important works, The Odyssey takes readers on a richly imagined quest for adventure and understanding with one of literature’s most timeless characters.
Nikos Kazantzakis (Greek: Νίκος Καζαντζάκης) was a Greek writer, journalist, politician, poet and philosopher. Widely considered a giant of modern Greek literature, he was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in nine different years, and remains the most translated Greek author worldwide.
For five long weeks, from September 20th until October 26th, I've been reading this Odyssey by Greek writer and poet, Nikos Kazantzakis. It's an epic in verse, composed of 33,333 lines, and is three times as long as Homer's Odyssey. I've been steeped in the deeps of it, and its depths have been seething inside me for all those weeks. An unforgettable reading adventure.
During all that time, from the first reading moment of every day to the last, I've had Kazantzakis' lines echoing inside my skull, and his Odysseus tricking with my mind. And it has to be said that his Odysseus is just as full of twists and turns as Homer's Odysseus but ends up changed beyond recognition by the end of the 1150 pages, formed and reformed by the many trials Kazantzakis sets in his path as our 'shrewd man' journeys far from Ithaca and far from the world of Homer's Odyssey.
Since Kazantzakis is also a translator of Dante, it's not surprising that his Odysseus resembles the Odysseus character Virgil meets in the underworld and who claims that "neither fondness for my son, nor reverence for my aged father, nor due love that should have cheered Penelope, could conquer in me the ardor that I had to gain experience of the world and of human vice and worth; I put forth on the deep sea, with but one ship, and with that small company which had not deserted me..." This is the Odysseus that Kazantzakis has conjured up in his verse epic.
I need to mention Joyce's Ulysses here too, a book that appeared ten or twelve years before Kazantzakis'. I can't find anything to suggest that Joyce or Kazantzakis knew of each other's work, and although the two books are very different, it's interesting that the reception of both in their native lands was very rocky. And while Joyce's saga begins and ends in Ulysses/Bloom's bed just as Homer's Odysseus story did, at least if you count from the beginning of The Iliad to the end of The Odyssey, Kazantzakis' Odysseus forsakes the marriage bed completely. He resembles far more the hero of Tennyson's poem, Ulysses, than the hero of Joyce's novel. Tennyson's Ulysses, after many years as a staid ruler on Ithaca, announces that he must sail away: "My purpose holds To sail beyond the sunset, and the baths Of all the western stars, until I die... To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield..." That's Kazantzakis' Odysseus to the life, and there are echoes of his fate in Constantin Cavafy's Ithaca poem too: "Many Egyptian cities may you visit that you may learn, and go on learning, from their sages."
And so Kazantzakis' Odysseus builds another ship and sails away from his home in Ithaca once again—"My soul, your voyages have been your native land!"—and this time with only a handful of men. "Steering his rudder far from land, without a word, Odysseus wound his island slowly about his brain, uprooting houses, mountains, sheepfolds, harbors, trees, till all rolled tumbling down the funnel of his mind as memory tore them up and swallowed his whole island."
Although it should be noted that 'the cunning rogue' didn't leave until he had assured his descendants. Yes, he organized a wedding for his son Telemachus to Nausicaä, the daughter of King Alcinous and Queen Arete of Phaeacia, to whom he'd told all the adventures of his odyssey when he was shipwrecked on their island on his way home to Ithaca after his seven-year sojourn with the nymph Calypso, all as told by Homer.
The full title of Nikos Kazantzakis' verse epic, The Odyssey, A Modern Sequel, might give us the impression that in it, Odysseus will travel into our time—but that is not quite what happens. Physically he roams across the world of his own time, but mentally, he roams through practically all the thought systems and religions that have evolved since the time of the Trojan War.
The Trojan War is believed to have happened in the 1200s BCE, just before a 'dark age' descended on Ancient Greece, a period that is thought to have lasted a couple of hundred years and which caused the destruction of the society that had existed right up to the time of the Trojan War. Historians aren't certain of the true cause of the 'dark age' but guess at several possible reasons: rebellions by slaves and the landless, hoards of northern raiders descending on Greece with weapons made of iron (a metal that was unknown in the islands of Greece), plus natural disasters such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions that happened around the same time. Nikos Kazantzakis uses this in-between time as the setting for the adventures he gives Odysseus which see him helping rebels and the iron-wielding northern raiders as well as experiencing earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
When 'the archer', as he is frequently named, sets out from Ithaca, his mind is still playing on scenes from his Trojan years: "All dangers he had passed now crossed his silent mind, and in that hour, on Troy’s far-distant azure shores, the dawn broke sweetly: hungry vines with berries weighed climbed through the jagged ruins and browsed on broken stones; charred embers choked with flowers, and tall grasses rose from the cracked skulls of princes, lizards strolled in sun and with their flickering tails crumbled the famous walls."
With such thoughts in mind, he decides to visit his old Trojan War companion Menelaus and his wife Helen in their home in Sparta. But Menelaus strikes Odysseus now as just an aging dissolute presiding over an unhappy people so 'the home-wrecker' is eager to be off again—and he offers 'the arch-eyed' Helen a chance to leave with him. Helen is happy to be abducted once again! Towards dawn, just as "dark night shook loose her glaucous hair then slowly turned, and took off her old ivory comb, the crescent moon," the pair steal away to the waiting ship. They head towards the court of another Trojan War companion, King Idomeneus of Crete. But Odysseus finds that Idomeneus has also turned into an aging despot, and that his people are ready to revolt against him. Odysseus and Helen decide to help the rebels and they draw some Northern raiders into the fray. Meantime Idomeneus wants to marry Helen but, what do you know, she gets very willingly abducted once again, this time by a blonde Northern raider! Meantime, a beautiful verse I noted, just one of a hundred: "Night skimmed on the vast sea with all her pitch-black sails, small lanterns flickered on the beach, prows lightly slept, somewhere a ship’s dog barked, and somewhere long-oars splashed...."
Those long oars would be the oars of Odysseus' ship setting out from Crete's curved southern shore. An earthquake has wiped out Idomeneus' court, and the rebels have taken over the island with Odysseus' blessing, so it's time for 'the fox-minded man' to take to the sea once again. There are many great verses about the sea in this book. Here's one: "May you be cursed, O bitter sea! You drive men daft! You strut upon the sands and your white ankles laugh, your eyes and your teeth laugh, and all your beaches laugh, till young men laugh and sigh and come down to your sands: 'Hi, Mistress Captain Sea, what wages will you give me?' 'The four winds for a blanket and the waves for pillow, and a small seagull that will bring the sad news quickly to mother and to sister and to coddled sweetheart.'"
Regardless of the dangers of seafaring, 'the heaven-baiter' and his little craft head south from Crete towards the land of the Pharaohs where they sails up the Nile, lending a hand to various groups of rebels along the way, including to a band of Jewish slaves.
The 'world wanderer' and his crew eventually move on towards the source of the Nile, and with the help of the many needy people who have followed after them, they found a new city there. Odysseus formulates ten rules for his city along utopian/socialist lines, and all looks set to prosper—until a volcano erupts and wipes out the city and most of his faithful companions.
And so 'the many-souled man' strikes further south on a new quest though he doesn't yet know quite what it is. But he has to carry out this quest alone—just as he completed the final part of his odyssey alone in Homer's Odyssey. "'To whom shall I shout now, ‘Well met!’ to whom ‘Farewell!’? Not one soul bears me company, not one soul greets me here.'"
The second part of Kazantzakis's work concerns Odysseus' journey from this point on, including his encounters with hermits, buddha-type figures, and a Jesus-like fisherman along the way. There are a lot of inserted stories in this part, and just as I was reminded of the way Cervantes included many smaller stories in his great quest-novel, a character resembling Don Quixote turns up in Kazantzakis' book, and Odysseus and he travel together for a while. But the Don Quixote character can't resist trying to rescue people so the two eventually go in different directions.
Odysseus has now evolved beyond the need to rescue anyone or fix anything, and seeks complete freedom from all systems and religions, realizing he will find no salvation outside of himself—especially from any God or Gods. In fact he had cheerfully left the Greek pantheon behind once he left the shores of Greece—though maybe not Dionysus because he and his friends had a lot of wine adventures during the earlier part of the journey, and a lot of laughter too. But he is now more and more centered on his own heart and mind, and on nature out of which he has come and back to which he will go. His only remaining passion is to reach the sea one more time and build a final ship.
No exact geographical reference points are mentioned in the second half of the book once he leaves the ruined city he founded at the source of the Nile, but the reader guesses that he eventually, after many long years during which his beard turned completely white, and during which he'd been near death several times over, reaches the most southern shores of the African continent. "Now he’d returned to his dread mother, the vast sea, and brought her back his battered, once rose-misted flesh."
The skiff he builds when he reaches the sea is no larger than his own body, and when Odysseus sets sail in this coffin-sized craft, I was reminded of Ishmael in Moby Dick. As I was having that thought, a whale appeared—but fortunately he wasn't as vicious as the great white whale that sank the Pequod, and 'the sea-wolf' Odysseus eventually reaches what I guessed must be Antartica, a place where at first the sun never sets and later where it never rises. Odysseus spends a dark winter with an indigenous tribe—who think he is a God—and as he heads out in the Spring to continue on his journey, an earthquake wipes out the native population—conveniently enough since history tells us there never were any tribes living in Antartica.
The rest of the book recounts the long struggle Odysseus carries out to conquer/merge with Death which has been his companion for some time. I really felt for him at this stage, and Athena's words from Homer's Odyssey were in my mind: "But my heart is torn in half for brilliant Odysseus, The wretched man who far from all his friends endures such woes." There are some marvelous verses in this part as 'the seven-souled man' faces Death: "In his skull’s secret lair, the suffering man approached with calm the fearful scorpion with its sting raised high: 'O Mind, great master-craftsman of the homeless air, like an ascetic in his cave you sit cross-legged deep in the skull, a sacred athlete, a great martyr...'"
Eventually, Odysseus' boat crashes into a huge iceberg. It might have been the end of our hero but 'the last soul the seven-souled man held in store rushed to his aid and held his swooning flesh upright', and he crawled aboard the iceberg where, in his loneliness, the 'the death-traveling boatman' calls on his friends from the different stages of his journey. He calls to them to rise up from their graves and join him on his last floating frigate. "‘Come, come and merge as one with earth, with mother roots, merge into one with sacred winds and the good showers!’”
The amazing thing is that they all do, even Helen, who has recently died back in Crete where she was mourned by her many blond children and grandchildren. And interestingly, Odysseus doesn't call anyone from Ithaca—except his faithful dog, Argus, who runs to him as soon as he is called: "As his dog, Argus, licked his feet and warmed his legs, earth’s hot breath rose and mounted till it reached his heart, and as he stretched his empty hands to stroke his dog, his crystal frigate shook and swerved in the cold foam." His last words to his gathered friends are as courageous as ever: "Forward, my lads, sail on, for Death’s breeze blows in a fair wind!"
The day I finished the book I turned back to the introduction by Kimon Friar, the man who translated the 33,333 lines of the original into English—in close collaboration with Nikos Kazantzakis himself. Kimon Friar tells us that Nikos Kazantzakis was born in Herakleion, Crete, on February 18, 1883 and died on October 26, 1957, four months before his seventy-fifth birthday. Friar goes on to explain that Kazantzakis had been visiting Japan that October and fell ill on the flight home—which took him by way of the North Pole: "By one of those astounding coincidences which topple rational thought, yet seem somehow designed by the subconscious will, Kazantzakis in old age had flown to the northernmost extremity of the earth to meet his death there, exactly as his autobiographical hero in the Odyssey had confronted death in Antarctic regions. Thus the two embraced between them the whole world from each of its two extremities, and thus harmony had been preserved in frozen and antipodal balance."
And by one of those astounding coincidences that continually happen in my reading life, I read that bit about Nikos Kazantzakis having died on October 26th on October 26th, the day I finished his astounding sequel to Homer's Odyssey.
Odysseus returns home, and rejoins his wife, (after killing a bunch of suitors who thought he was dead), but then finds himself bored and dissatisfied. He takes off on yet more adventures and this is the story of those journeys.
I have be honest here and say I wasn't sure this audiobook was going to work for me. Yes, I enjoyed the original Odyssey, but I read it with a group and we were all available to discuss the book throughout, which I thought led us all to a better understanding of the story. Turns out I needn't have worried as the narrator here, Joshua Saxon, brings these words alive!
The story itself is summarized everywhere, so I'm going to leave off the plot and just talk about the narration. When Joshua Saxon narrates something, he NARRATES THE HELL OUT OF IT. By that, I mean...when the tale calls for gravitas, he brings it. When the tale calls for battle scenes, , storms or even earthquakes, the depth of his voice, his tenor and tone makes you feel as if you're in the midst of the disaster yourself. I could easily picture what was happening like a movie reel in my head. When Odysseus struggles to understand god, faith and fate, I felt those struggles as my own.
To narrate 35 hours of epic poetry, at this high of a level, one needs to be a real pro and Joshua Saxon is that professional. His voicing of Odysseus' travels, his highs, his lows, Saxon brings it all home. Seriously, at this point, Joshua Saxon could narrate his grocery list and I would sign up to listen to it. He is THAT good.
35 hours is rather daunting to be sure, but if this type of story is your cuppa, you should go to Audible and download this right now, because Mr. Saxon has you covered!
*My highest recommendation!*
*Thanks to the author/publisher for the audio download in exchange for my honest feedback. This is it.*
It seems sacrilegious to say this, but Kazantzakis' modern sequel to The Odyssey is superior to Homer's in every way, at least from the perspective of the modern mind. This is one of the greatest accomplishments of world literature, and it is a tragedy that it is not better known; most people have heard of Kazantzakis' Zorba The Greek but few people are familiar with this, his masterpiece.
Kazantzakis lops off the last two sections of Homer's Odyssey and grafts onto it his own modern sequel. It is both far more visceral and far more existential than Homer's. It blazes with passion and seethes with the lustfulness of life. But it also tackles the greatest of modern questions: the spirit's quest for independence and freedom. This Kazantzakis does with the fearless, relentless passion of Nietzsche, but also with the overflowing love of life of Walt Whitman.
Tackling this work is like trying to read an 800 page work by Shakespeare. It demands to be read with absolute attention and to be reread through each section in order to be properly absorbed. But it is an investment you will never regret.
One of the last book-length epic poems written, this is a neglected masterpiece. Albert Camus beat Kazantzakis for the Nobel Prize in 1957 or so by one vote. The Nobel Committee's failure to give Kazanzakis a Nobel is a great injustice to a writer whose body of work far exceeds Hemingway's for example, who did receive it.
Leggere questo poema si è rivelato un'odissea nel vero senso della parola. Nikos Kazantzakis impiegò quasi quattordici anni per scriverlo e Nicola Crocetti ne ha impiegati otto per confezionarci una traduzione fedele, ma che non sminuisse né il valore né la musicalità di quei versi; non deve esser stato un lavoro facile trasporre in lingua italiana i numerosi neologismi disseminati lungo tutta l’opera e riuscire a preservare comunque le infinite sfumature che l’autore ha voluto conferire. Questa "seconda" Odissea nasce come ideale prosieguo del poema omerico da dove lo avevamo lasciato: l’irrequieto Ulisse ha ottenuto la sua sanguinosa vendetta sui Proci ma ora che regna la pace non riesce a sopportare di risiedere in pianta stabile a Itaca; il suo cuore smania per la sete di conoscenza e la voglia di esplorare il mondo e, appianate le divergenze con Telemaco, forma un nuovo equipaggio e salpa ancora una volta verso terre ignote, certo che altre entusiasmanti avventure lo attendano.
L’Ulisse di questa versione moderna conquista nuovi e rappresentativi epiteti: l'Arciere, l'Esule, il Conoscicuori, L'Errabondo, il Calpesta-dèi etc… Mille declinazioni dell'eroe che abbiamo imparato a conoscere come "l'uomo dal multiforme ingegno" ed emblema della καλοκαγαθία (kalokagathìa ). Il ritratto che viene fuori è conforme all’Odisseo omerico: un uomo di spessore vivificato dalle passioni - tra cui spiccano lussuria e superbia - e dall’indomabile desiderio di essere libero, che si avvale della sua arguzia e scaltrezza per tirarsi fuori dalle situazioni più rischiose. Kazantzakis, e qui non voglio peccare di ὕβϱις (hýbris), ha dato vita a un poema massiccio – 24 canti che si snodano per circa 832 pagine - e decisamente ambizioso, che può benissimo essere posto sullo stesso piano dell’opera di Omero. Caratterizzato da una scrittura vivace e ritmica, dal linguaggio amplissimo e composito che riporta in auge lo splendore del mondo greco, ma stratificandolo e alternando, di volta in volta, luci e ombre in una continua narrazione poetica per immagini. Io, da umile lettrice quale sono, posso solo inchinarmi di fronte a questa rigogliosa esplosione di bellezza e poesia.
La più grande virtù sulla terra non è essere libero, ma cercare insieme la libertà, senza pietà né tregua.
Il libro della vita di Kazantzakis: sette stesure in 14 anni di lavoro, summa poetica del percorso intellettuale dello scrittore cretese almeno come Rapporto al Greco può esserne considerata la summa in prosa. Kazantzakis non ha paura del confronto con il mito e inizia esattamente dove Omero aveva lasciato, raccontando le vicende di Ulisse dall'arrivo ad Itaca in poi, attraverso un viaggio che toccherà Sparta, Creta e poi l'Egitto per scendere lungo il Nilo fino alle sue origini e ancora più giù approdando in Antartide. Ulisse/Kazantzakis è l'uomo che cerca, condannato a seguire il suo destino di uomo libero e l'Odissea di Kazantzakis è il viaggio dell'uomo dentro e fuori di sé, alla ricerca della sua identità e del rapporto con Dio. Ulisse porta con sé le tutte le contraddizioni dell'animo umano, diviso tra la voglia di costruire e le lusinghe del caos, con pensiero e azione che faticano a trovare un punto di equilibrio perché l'armonia tra cuore e mente è per l'uomo un orizzonte lontano, un puntino verso il quale tendere e dal quale lo allontanano le forze primigenie, le pulsioni e gli istinti, quella vitalità della quale è intrisa tutta l'opera, una furia creatrice e distruttrice che non risparmia nemmeno io divino. Dio, il dio di Kazantzakis, è un'entità con la quale l'uomo si confronta a testa alta, che l'uomo plasma a sua misura e che gli serve per spostare ogni volta il suo orizzonte un po' più in là. Un'entità della quale ha bisogno ma che al tempo stesso non può fare a meno di sfidare: io/dio, dopo pensiero/azione, è l'ennesimo dualismo dal quale gemmano le domande che muovono il mondo e poco importa se ad esse nessuno potrà mai dare risposta perché ciò che conta è la libertà di porsele.
"Libertà vuol dire battersi senza speranza in terra", si legge verso la fine del Canto XXI, “Non spero nulla, non temo nulla, sono libero” è l'epitaffio che si legge sulla tomba di Kazantzakis a Candia.
Un lungo, fin troppo lungo, poema in cui vengono raccontate le nuove avventure di Ulisse dopo avere sconfitto i Proci a Itaca.
Ulisse si scoccia in fretta della propria patria e famiglia, e con un gruppetto pittoresco di uomini (che lo accompagneranno per buona parte del poema, più come seguaci di Ulisse che come amici o compagni) parte per un lungo viaggio: nella prima parte del poema, nelle varie città che incontrerà si troverà spesso a vivere conflitti con le autorità; viaggeranno poi nel deserto dell'Africa, fonderà una città e infine diventa un asceta quasi divino. In tutto questo, farà anche incontri con personaggi letterari e mitologici (anche di epoche diverse dalla sua, ad esempio Don Chisciotte, ma comunque rielaborati e con nomi diversi, per cui non tutti facilmente riconoscibili).
L'Ulisse di Kazantzakis è molto, molto, davvero molto, diverso dall'Ulisse di Omero. Questo Ulisse è infatti infedele alla patria, alla famiglia, agli amici, alle vecchie divinità, alle convenzioni, a tutto. Conscio della propria potenza e intelligenza, è animato da una libertà vitalistica che poi diventa anche mistica. La libertà è al di sopra di tutto, e lui sfida il mondo, e pure sè stesso, per superare in continuazione i propri limiti. E' una sorta di super-uomo (non so se ispirato da Nietzsche, perché non ho letto granché di quest'ultimo), continuamente esaltato dall'autore, al punto che quando muore, perfino il Sole è disperato. Non proprio un protagonista amabile, anzi è spesso tirannico e duro, ma è palese che tra gli scopi di questo poema non c'è quello di compiacere il lettore.
E' un poema molto ricco, al di là della trama principale, pieno di personaggi e storie e poesia; e la scrittura è intensa, quasi sempre con un tono enfatico ed epico, sia quando porta avanti la trama, sia quando vengono riportati grandi discorsi, o descritte grandi scene immaginifiche (spesso oniriche).
Non è stata una lettura semplice, e devo dire che anche se ha molti momenti notevoli, ha anche molti momenti noiosi. A mio parere, è troppo lungo, nel senso che spesso mi ha dato un'impressione di ridondanza, di stare leggendo sempre i stessi concetti, più o meno raccontati allo stesso modo, nonostante in realtà, a livello puramente di trama, sia abbastanza variegata. Da questo punto di vista, peggiora (a mio parere) a partire dal sedicesimo canto, quando c'è una grossa svolta narrativa, il tutto diventa decisamente più mistico, e noioso. Tutta quella parte, pur contenendo alcuni dei brani migliori del poema, in generale sembra un lunghissimo, estenuante, epilogo in cui si certa di tirare per le lunghe un'opera che aveva ampiamente esaurito le cose che aveva da dire.
I can only imagine this book in the original Greek. The English is vivacious, elevated and beautiful. It is lyrical, odd and full of unexpected language and imagery. It is a pleasure to read.
Books 1 and 2 (08/13) The story, at this point, is a dark retelling of the Homer epic. Odysseus is grim, restless and remorseless. He comes back to a home where he no longer fits. He’s too savage and restless for his family and his countrymen, and his countrymen are too docile and boring for him. He’s spent years grappling with the gods. The mundane life of a rural king suffocates him.
Odysseus’s aging body and mind impel him to greater challenges, away from the binding cuffs of domestic life. His wife, his son, his people are all seen as death to him, a strangling monotony, a drowning of his spirit and greatness. He will not surrender.
I’m interested to see where this goes. This book turns the Odyssey and the Iliad on their heads. (See my review of The War that Killed Achilles: http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/66....) Those books praise heroes and depict bloody deeds, but yearn for home, for the domestic, for peace. Where will Kazantzakis go with this?
Books 3 and 4 (03/14) Odysseus turns his back on Ithaca, on his family and on his people. Intent on no place in particular, with a crew of societal cast offs, he surges toward the world’s edge. Then, following a dream, he decides to seek out Helen in Sparta and steal her away.
As I’m reading this portion of the book, I’m feeling an ominous Nietzschean/fascist undertone. Odysseus looks at all weakness as corruption, all tenderness as decadence and all contentedness as rot. Strength is all. Struggle is all. Change is all. Generosity and truthfulness are for fools. Established orders are all decayed and needing overthrown. The people are weak and ignorant mongrels, their opinions less than useless.
Menelaus is presented as a fat, weak, corrupt king, doomed by the strong blond-haired race descending on this kingdom with the new iron weapons. But was Menelaus more virtuous during his destruction of Ilium? Had the blonde-haired, iron-wielding race met him at his peak in power, wouldn’t he have been destroyed all the same by the superior weapons?
This is made more ominous for me by knowing the time period it was published: 1938. At that time, there was a keen desire for a strong ruler to take charge and sweep away the decadence and deadwood of society. The masses were be molded and used by their masters toward some greater good. The results for Europe and the rest of the world were less than desirable.
Am I the only one to feel this way? I hope the book takes a different turn at some point, but I’m not optimistic. I can only grit my teeth.
Books 5 and 6 (10/14) In these books, Odysseus, Helen and crew survive a storm and dock at Crete. Crete is a rich, prosperous city, but also decadent and cruel. Odysseus shows some compassion in these books, but it’s still unclear where this is heading. The description of the bull ceremonies is very, very long.
One of the most ambitious undertakings in the history of literature -- perhaps too ambitious -- but an impressive accomplishment. Kazantzakis distills his own personal and philosophical endeavors into another epic journey for Homer's Odysseus, taking him from his return to Ithaca across the Mediterranean and through Africa to the great southern sea where he, as a man freed from all hope and fear, confronts the abyss awaiting us all.
L'Odissea è considerato l'acme della produzione letteraria di Nikos Kazantzakis. E anche l'autore, probabilmente, era della medesima idea, avendo dedicato alla composizione di questo poema ben 14 anni della propria vita e numerose ricerche, soprattutto in campo linguistico. Nel 1938, dopo sette stesure e innumerevoli tagli, al fine di creare un'opera con 33.333 versi, vide la luce il poema più grande mai scritto in Occidente, l'Odissea di Kazantzakis, appunto; l'ideale continuo del poema omerico.
Atteso con impazienza dai critici greci, all'epoca ricevette, però, diverse critiche. Oggi, tuttavia, è considerato un capolavoro; una delle opere più importanti non solo di Kazantzakis, ma anche della letteratura neo-greca in generale e del Novecento.
Ecco, al di là di prese di posizione facili, come la stroncatura o l'esaltata celebrazione, io credo che - in realtà - giudicare un'opera simile non sia affatto semplice. Questo è un poema smisurato sotto tanti punti di vista: smisurata bellezza, da un lato, ma anche smisurata stucchevolezza sotto altri aspetti (proprio perché a mancare è il senso della misura, perito sotto i colpi dell'ambiziosa penna dell'autore).
A livello formale e di costruzione del verso, a livello poetico e retorico, siamo effettivamente di fronte a un capolavoro. Anche in traduzione, la lingua utilizzata è meravigliosa. Ed è un peccato non conoscere il greco moderno e gli infiniti termini tratti dai dialetti insulari, che Kazantzakis ha utilizzato. Se in italiano leggere queste pagine è un incanto (e qui bisogna fare anche i complimenti a Nicola Crocetti), non oso immaginare in greco come debba suonare meravigliosamente la lettura!
Ma, purtroppo, la forma di un libro – per quanto notevole – non è sufficiente a creare un capolavoro; secondo me, nel computo totale dei pregi e difetti, vale la metà. Anche il contenuto va preso in considerazione. E la costruzione della trama e degli episodi narrativi non è all'altezza del lavoro fatto da Kazantzakis con gli aspetti formali del poema. Inoltre, il desiderio di raggiungere i 33.333 versi ha fatto sì che venissero ripetuti più e più volte schemi e parole che appesantiscono la lettura inutilmente. Perché una cosa è fare come Hugo e descrivere per filo e per segno i luoghi di Parigi e la loro storia, e poi ambientare capitoli in quei luoghi, dove i personaggi passeranno e vivranno. Altra cosa, come fa Kazantzakis, è ripetere incessantemente che il sole sorge, che i seni di Elena sono belli etc etc. Certo, ogni volta utilizza descrizioni meravigliose. Ma all'ennesimo sorgere del sole, all'ennesima danza rituale, all'ennesimo seno e accoppiamento, all'ennesima ripetizione si crea solo noiosa monotonia... e puoi usare le parole più belle, ma se è palese che non v'è funzionalità narrativa (che era invece un elemento fondamentale delle digressioni di Victor Hugo), ma solo accumulo di versi per il target numerico da raggiungere, allora non basta più la bellezza della lingua, ma inizi ad implorare che accada qualcosa di nuovo, anche perché la trama è lineare e sai che non vi saranno particolari colpi di scena. Insomma, per quanto il libro sia bello, Kazantzakis indugia anche troppo nei suoi ricami ed affreschi, rendendolo – in alcuni punti - pesante come una cattedrale barocca.
Certo, mi si può dire che la ripetizione è un elemento fondamentale delle opere antiche, come i poemi omerici o i libri delle religioni rivelate e che Kazantzakis, volendo scrivere un poema alla vecchia maniera, doveva, per forza di cose, essere anche ripetitivo. Ma queste cose, proposte nel 1900, credo proprio che perdano di significato e di utilità. Sono zavorre anche abbastanza sterili. L'Odissea non è scritta e non è rivolta ad uomini e società di 2800 anni fa, ma all'uomo contemporaneo e Kazantzakis - secondo me - doveva trovare un compromesso migliore tra l'esigenza di simulare il passato, la fissazione per i 33.333 versi e la contemporaneità.
Ad ogni modo, armandosi di pazienza, l'opera risulta anche molto bella, potrei persino dire meravigliosa in molti suoi punti. Ci sono passaggi profondi e ispirati - significativi. Dopotutto è un'opera che contrappone Ulisse alla Morte. Il suo ultimo viaggio, il viaggio definitivo dell'uomo, verso il suo inevitabile destino. Accettarlo sarà l'unica, sofferta, soluzione. Senza alcuna tristezza, però. Anzi, l'uomo deve vivere pienamente e al "cercar virtute e canoscenza" di Dante, Kazantzakis aggiunge anche la gioia e la forza, la completa realizzazione della persona umana, messa al centro dell’universo, come una divinità, il super-uomo di un nuovo umanesimo, il cui solo limite è la mortalità. Da un certo punto di vista, abbastanza nietzschiano come concetto. L’Ulisse di Kazantzakis disprezza la debolezza e le virtù e i difetti che limitano l’umanità. Può risultare, nel suo viaggio di accettazione della morte ed esaltazione della vita, anche crudele. E non so questo quanto mi piaccia, sebbene – va detto - il suo percorso lo porterà a smussare questa caratteristica, e a fargli scoprire anche una certa pietà, per gli ultimi e gli umili.
Insomma, un gran bel libro, ma con qualche pesantezza di troppo. Se si ha pazienza lo si può godere. Se se ne ha poca potrebbe sembrare interminabile e lento. Non lo ritengo allo stesso livello dei grandi capolavori della letteratura mondiale (e mi spiace, perché le mie aspettative erano queste), ma comunque è lì vicino. Una cosa però, secondo me, è certa: tutti quelli che amano scrivere poesie dovrebbero leggerlo, perché è una miniera di idee, di termini, di metafore, similitudini e altre figure retoriche… un vero e proprio manuale di forbita poesia, che fa bene leggere.
Questo è il secondo libro che leggo di un poeta greco contemporaneo. Prima di Kazantzakis, ho letto Quarta Dimensione di Ghiannis Ritsos. Devo dire che la letteratura contemporanea non sfigura nel confronto con quella classica… Sia Ritsos che Kazantzakis sono grandi scrittori. Noto, comunque, che entrambi, nelle loro opere più importanti, scelgono di focalizzarsi sulla rielaborazione del mito. Chissà, dev’esserci qualcosa di viscerale che unisce noi contemporanei al passato e al mito. Com’è vero che delle radici non ce ne si libera mai… E forse è impossibile. Ad ogni modo, dare nuova linfa, vita, rielaborare, riflettere, su ciò che è stato ed è stato tramandato lo trovo – da sempre – uno dei più interessanti e fertili modi di fare letteratura e di proiettarsi verso il futuro… l’uomo cambia, ma è anche sempre rimasto uguale a se stesso, diviso tra passioni, paure, odio, amore, virtù, vizi… Questo tipo di lavori ci aiuta a non dimenticare il cuore della nostra umanità e forse è anche per questo che i classici andrebbero riscoperti e diffusi molto di più, in qualunque modo possibile.
Un sequel dell'odissea omerica scritta negli anni 30 dall'autore di zorba il greco e de l'ultima tentazione di Cristo, da cui il famoso film: sicuramente ora leggerò anche questi e la mia Grecia, che mi ispira molto come titolo. L'autore rielabora la figura di Ulisse, provocando una trasformazione del personaggio attraverso le rivisitazioni, come quella dantesca, e le filosofie successive: ben chiaro è il riferimento Nietzschiano con Odisseo come oltreuomo, incarnazione del concetto filosofico. Particolarmente affascinante ho trovato la centralità della morte nell'opera, come fine ultimo a cui tutto tende e quindi inevitabile figura con cui confrontarsi, soprattutto quando il nostro raggiungerla è un corsa a perdifiato che cerca di sfuggire alla noia, al tedio quotidiano in una incessante, tesa, irrequieta necessità intrinseca di avventura, lotta con noi stessi e con il mondo, verso un continuo cambiamento che inevitabilmente ci muta. Non ho mai stimato particolarmente Ulisse, seppure sia un personaggio affascinante, e questo testo ha esacerbato i miei sentimenti in entrambi i lati, esternizzando le mie sensazioni. Il testo è in poesia e quindi mi è profondamente spiaciuto doverlo leggere in traduzione, a tal proposito vi segnalo che questa edizione non ha il testo a fronte. Pur dovendo rinunciare alla musicalità, non ho potuto non apprezzare l'uso di similitudine e epiteti che rimandano all'atmosfera omerica, una cura del linguaggio che cesella azioni e riflessioni, capace di dipingere con leggerezza e pastosità ma anche di squarciare la tela al bisogno: era diverso tempo che non mi capitava di utilizzare il dizionario di Italiano, e mi ha fatto molto piacere avere questa opportunità. Personalmente avevo estremo bisogno di epica, poesia e questa, con tocchi moderni, che trae il meglio dai due mondi (antica Grecia e Novecento) in un intreccio infinito di eterni richiami, è stata una boccata di aria da respirare a pieni polmoni, per tornare a solcare il Mediterraneo e scorrazzare fra gli ulivi.
Questa è una gigantesca, sconfinata e prometeica impresa poetica di un autore altrettanto gigantesco e sconfinato per vita, azione e pensieri. Il solo pensiero di poter concepire un seguito moderno all'opera fondamentale di tutta la cultura occidentale dà la misura dell'ambizione e della volontà creatrice di Kazantzakis. Testo straordinario ed unico sia dal punto di vista stilistico con il continuo uso di parole greche desuete, dialettali o inventate (che l'ottima traduzione di Crocetti non piò ovviamente rendere in italiano), sia da quello poetico (una inventiva e una visionarietà di rara potenza e ricchezza), sia da quello filosofico-esistenziale (qui si trova tutto il pensiero e la vita stessa dell'autore).
Bisogna subito dire che l'Ulisse di Kazantzakis ha ben poco a fare con quello omerico: questo eroe rifugge i valori civili ed antichi quali famiglia, timore degli dei, moderazione delle passioni. Sin dalle prime pagine emerge una fortissima vitalita' espressiva che sottende il superomismo e il dionisiaco fervore - l'istinto e la natura prerazionale di un uomo prometeico in lotta contro destino e dei. Questo Ulisse diviene simbolo dell'affrancamento dell'uomo dall'olimpo (mentre in Omero c'e' sempre un dio dalla sua parte); per lui anche Itaca e la sua pace sono negative per la spinta vitale e quindi l'eroe deve partire, lasciare famiglia e patria in un viaggio contro gli dei antichi alla ricerca dell'Oltre.
E' come se l'autore volesse creare un Mito anticlassico, nietzschiano e moderno nel narrare la ribellione dell'uomo a Dio (non agli dei antichi, ma proprio al Dio monoteista). Usando la forma classica del poema Kazantzakis crea un nuovo OltreUomo, faro e profeta per noi uomini moderni - Ulisse si ribella agli insensati limiti dati all'uomo sanciti da un Dio assassino, rivendica le gioie edoniste delle passioni (specie il sesso), si lancia in un'avventura senza ritorno, convinto che l'unico senso della vita è vivere tutto fino a non lasciare più nulla di noi stessi alla Morte. Prometeo e' il vero modello di questo Ulisse, nella sua lotta indefessa, audace, disperata ed inarrestabile contro dio, la morte e tutti i limiti umani. il dovere più grande dell’uomo al mondo è combattere il suo destino, cancellare ciò ch’è scritto; solo così il mortale può elevarsi sopra il dio
Giunto sui lidi di Sparta e Creta, Ulisse mostra un secondo carattere: l'eroe ha in se' un nuovo Dio, non olimpico, ma piuttosto un daimon o uno spirito individuale che suscita la rivolta sociale, la distruzione del vecchio, in una palingenesi anticlassista e rivoluzionaria ma ancora arcaica e legata a principi vitali e naturali dove i barbari portano sangue fresco e vivo e dove è giusto che le antiche civiltà vengano distrutte. Qui emerge il Kazantzakis rivoluzionario sociale, ma tutt'altro che progressista od illuminista - piuttosto la sua "filosofia" comincia a delinearsi come anti-illuminista, spiccatamente nietszchiana (nel senso del dionisiaco opposto all'apollineo), a tratti quasi nichilista nel negare possibilità di giustizia e nel tendere verso un agnosticismo morale e teoretico. Si comprende quindi il perchè Ulisse si faccia idolo primitivo e dionisiaco; guida verso l'Africa degli spiriti e verso un nuovo mondo mistico e panteistico, arazionale e selvaggio - e l'autore sembra dirci che questo arcaico, naturale e primitivo dio non e' più crudele del Dio della civiltà. Da noi indossava nobili vesti di lino bianco, ma in Africa è diventato rude, porta grossi anelli al naso e alle orecchie, e piume ritte sulla testa; come una nera sa di muschio, come un nero di sudore; Dio è l’ombra enorme dell’uomo che lotta con la Morte
Dopo il tentativo di costruire una nuova città, una nuova civiltà su basi spirituali e misteriche, la distruzione dovuta ad un terremoto lascia l'eroe solo e apre la sezione forse migliore poeticamente, in cui Ulisse si trova in un deserto immerso in visioni e incubi - qui l'eroe si metamorfizza in spirito naturale, in un Asceta sempre meno umano e sempre più principio panteistico e dionisiaco, essenza superiore oltreumana della natura, oscura e primitiva entita' spiritica africana in opposizione a tutte le divinità delle religioni rivelate. Non è un pensiero immortale né un uccello dell’aria, è carne mortale come noi, cervello trepidante, cuore inquieto e ostinato, che come l’uomo trema; che non sa da dove proviene e non sa dov’è diretto! Chi di voi può sopportarlo, compagni, resti pure; ma chi nel mondo vuole un Dio pietoso e immortale, se ne vada via subito con la famiglia e i beni
In questi passi avviene uno Scontro allegorico in cui Ulisse (Forgiamondi, Deicida, Asceta) ormai oltreuomo, ente naturale arazionale e vitale, distrugge il dio simbolo delle religioni civili. Qui la.poesia è un continuo rigoglio di visioni oniriche ed esoteriche, con espressioni astratte e materiche al tempo stesso.
la mente e il cuore dell’Arciere sono una bipenne, sull’alta torre del pensiero i ricordi dal seno dolce gorgogliano come tortore e svolano per posarsi; dentro di lui strepitano come città le donne, i villaggi aprono il seno oppresso dal desiderio; dall’ebbra carne germoglia l’anima, anche la mente, famelica figlia della Necessità, canta ubriaca
La parte finale, forse, è la meno felice, dove Ulisse fa alcuni incontri particolari che sembrano però un pò forzati e artificiali, quali quello con Capitan Uno (Don Chisciotte), con il Buddha ossessionato dalla morte (in cui viene inserita in una leggenda bizantina, in uno strano e confuso sincretismo spirituale), e quello con il Pescatore Gentile (Cristo) breve e poco ispirato, quasi timido nell'evitare lo scontro con la fede cristiana (all'opposto delle idee dell'autore). E la conclusione dell'opera è pervasa di una spiritualita' orientaleggiante e pseudobuddista con riferimenti ad un panteismo naturale, alla possibilità di una reincarnazione o di vaghe metempsicosi - alla fine, pero', mi sembra che Kazantzakis rimanga un materialista concreto e naturale, la sua e' una spiritualita' terragna con i piedi per terra. Vicino alla morte Ulisse saluta principi vitali quali Terra Acqua Fuoco Aria e Mente; Mente che rimane l'elemento centrale dell'uomo, creatrice e distruttrice. Come ti amo, Mente fiera, con le pupille spalancate fissi indomita l’abisso nudo, senza paura! In mezzo alle sopracciglia hai una bilancia, pesi e mescoli tutte le tue gioie, tutte le amarezze, con saggia premura, con acqua, terra, fuoco e aria; perché la vita, lo sai bene, è un gioco d’equilibrio
La scrittura è unica, potente e ribollente immagini - una poesia viva ed espressiva, di impianto classico come nelle molteplici allegorie naturali che si rifanno ad animali e piante, ma efficace, originale ed evocativa. Specie quando l'autore si concentra sulla narrazione dei riti primitivi e oscuri per ottenere fertilita' e vita - nella poetica dell'autore non c'e' spazio per ragione, filosofia, spirito o astrazioni, ma tutto inizia e termina nella natura, nelle pulsioni vitali, nelle forze ctoniche ed ancestrali che muovono tutto.
La peluria lattea della luce lecca le sopracciglia dei monti, e limpida si versa sui sassi della riva; un cipresso nero la vede e la sua cima ride, come se all’improvviso si fosse ricoperta di rose
Un'opera immensa la cui filosofia di base non condivido e trovo anzi a tratti contraddittoria e incoerente - a livello personale apprezzo poco l'incontrollato vitalismo e l'arazionalismo dionisiaco che sottende spesso un edonismo ed un nichilismo materialista abbastanza semplicistico. Ma questo non toglie che il livello poetico e la forza espressiva rendono questa un'opera unica ed inarrivabile.
You don't hear much about Nikos Kazantzakis much anymore. He seems to be one of those big mid 20th century authors who fell into obscurity sometime after his death, despite having a popular Hollywood adaption of one of his novels, and being so well-regarded as a writer, that Albert Camus considered him one of the several authors that far more deserved the Nobel Prize for Literature instead of himself. Why is that? I'm guessing because he doesn't really slot easily into a niche, and at times, he's not easily accessible.
Most of his popular novels came later in his life, preceded by non-fiction works on philosophy and travel, and this particular monster of a poem, 14 years in the making which he considered his magnum opus. It distilled his particular views on philosophy, spirituality, humanity and society in the mode of a Homeric epic, adapted for our time. It follows the life and later adventures of the hero Odysseus, taking off shortly before the one authored by Homer ends. Odysseus has slain the suitors, but instead of immediately reconciling with Penelope, she is repulsed by the violent and capricious stranger that 20 years of war and wandering have created. Odysseus for his part, finds the business of ruling Ithaca tedious and unsatisfying, so he conspires to escape to search the nameless thing he is looking for. He quickly marries Telemachus off, and sneaks away to sea with his new companions, leaving his son the throne.
Odysseus re-kidnaps Helen from the grind of married life, just as Dorian invaders from the Northern plains come down to overthrow Menelaus. They arrive in Crete, ruled by a senile and debauched King. Odysseus is imprisoned, but yet successfully conspires to overthrow the King, replacing him with one of his traveling companions.
He then travels down the Nile to Egypt, where he meets a female Jewish revolutionary, seeking to lead a peasant revolt against the Pharaoh and his priests. Odysseus, crafting an alliance of Egyptian peasants, Myceneans, and Dorian invaders meets the Egyptian army on the field of battle, and despite a heroic attempt, the rebels lose to the overwhelming numbers, escaping execution only by Odysseus terrifying the superstitious Pharaoh with visions from his nightmares.
Odysseus then leads the remnant army further down the Nile and through the deserts and jungles in a harrowing trek through hostile environments and people. He finds the source of the Nile, and then after a several nights of visions and meditations alone in the mountains, he sets forth to build a perfect society based on the principles he had come to.
The city and society Odysseus builds is suddenly destroyed by a volcanic explosion/earthquake, and most of his companions die in the process of trying to save as many of the inhabitants they can. Seeing this, Odysseus gives up his goal of trying to mark his will on the world, and instead focuses on honing the will within. He becomes a wandering contemplative hermit, meeting and debating a whole host of people, including stand-ins for Siddartha Gautama, Jesus Christ and Don Quixote (yes, Don Quixote).
Eventually he reaches as far south as he can go. He is now old, and Death, which has been following him all his life, marks that it is now time. Odysseus decides he will go out on his own terms, and builds his final boat, which he sails even further south, alone. After one further adventure, he collides with a massive iceberg. He clings to it, and climbs to the top, there, standing alone at the moment of death, he has a vision of all the people he has met in his life and journeys, and passes on.
The plot is fairly thick, and the poetry, even thicker, almost purple in density. As such, it's actually kind of hard to mine out what Kazantzakis considered the heart of work, its metaphysical message, obscured as it by the narrative and lyric framework holding it up. Luckily, the translator, Kimon Friar, included a synopsis that elucidates that message, which however, does make me wonder. If I only got maybe about 25% of what the point was, and needed a key to really get it, how successful of a work is it, especially when “Zorba the Greek” and “The Last Temptation of Christ” deliver part of that same message if a bit more successfully. Mind you, I wasn't taking this lightly. It took me over a month to read, and I would often reread passages for both clarity and aesthetic effect.
The message, as others here have noted, derives heavily from Henri Bergson and Nietzsche, focusing on free will, the absence of external metaphysical beings/concepts and the need for a vital life of action, sucking the marrow from the bone, if you will. It's existential, but lacks much of sad clown modernist absurdity of Existentialism, being joyful and lusty in equal balance with dark and conflicted. It's honestly, really really hard to place and nail down, because it's just so mutable. I honestly can't even say if this book is theistic, atheistic, or completely uninterested in an objective answer to the question (I'm leaning to the latter), outside of being disdainful of superstition and religious authorities.
This book, in some ways, is a physical representation of that philosophy. Kazantzakis doesn't hold back; it goes full throttle, no compromises, and attempts to do everything. Does it succeed? I honestly, don't know.
In this book, we also see why, perhaps, outside of his novels, Kazantzakis' star has faded somewhat. While certainly liberal for his time and place (after all, Odysseus's perfect society included Africans as equal members), his characterizations of women and depictions of Africans would definitely set off some major klaxons in our feminist and post-colonial world. While I'm pretty much the opposite of “woke”, I do see some point to what some might say about his depictions of women, namely he doesn't quite “get” them the way he gets males. His female characters while not caricatures, and believable, lack the psychological and philosophical depth he imbues his male characters with. They don't come off as anything near as complex in their motivations. It shows less in the novels, perhaps because there are much fewer female characters given central roles, but honestly, when it comes down to it, Kazantzakis is a man who writes about women from the viewpoint of a man who hasn't given much thought into the interior lives of women, and that's fine, because I'm even worse at it.
What what I've just said, I'm sure I'm coming across as incredibly critical. I'm not. I really deeply enjoyed this, both as an existential story in the mode of an epic tale and as a work of translated art. Kimon Friar was a professional translator and a published poet. He got what Kazantzakis was going for and did his utmost to convey the same feel in the words, all while maintaining the difficult form used. It is deeply evocative in a visual and emotional way that few philosophical works are. I am going to try to obtain a copy for myself, and recommend it to people. Still, it's really going to be hard to draw solid philosophical conclusions from the work, despite it being something of a parable. I just don't think it lessens the value of the tale.
Kazantzakis’ Odyssey cannot be read merely as a continuation of Homer. That would make the work too small. It is, formally, a modern sequel to the ancient Odyssey, a monumental epic, but in a deeper sense it is the second volume of Kazantzakis’ own spiritual autobiography — the first being Askitiki (The Saviors of God) fifteen years earlier. Peter Bien rightly treats the poem as the natural culmination of Kazantzakis’ first creative period: on one side, it weaves his ideas and experiences up to the mid-1930s into a vast shroud, its very comprehensiveness left him with the terrifying question of what one can possibly write after a work into which one has poured almost everything. Having written it, he had proved to himself that he could create something worthy of his ambition; yet, as Bien notes, the poem also raised the problem of what could follow once all practical and intellectual experience had been absorbed into an immense epic conception.
His Odyssey is a poem about the impossibility of remaining where one has once found peace. Homer’s Odysseus returns to Ithaca in order to restore order. Kazantzakis’ Odysseus leaves Ithaca again because order has become a form of spiritual death. Home is no longer the goal; it is the temptation. Wife, son, kingdom, soil, memory (or children, dog and country) — everything that would signify fulfilment in another author becomes here another form of bondage. Kazantzakis denies the finality of any value - Man must not settle even into happiness.
The most interesting thing about Kazantzakis’ Odysseus is his inability to accept any final answer. He encounters civilizations, religions, political projects, ascetic systems, revolution, and death. Each of these possibilities offers him, for a moment, a solution. Each proves too narrow. Odysseus abandons things not because they mean nothing, but because they mean something only temporarily. Every truth is necessary while it helps man ascend; the moment it becomes comfort, it must be destroyed.
The epic does not deny value as such; rather, it denies old values in order to assert new ones. It is not fundamentally a "Buddhist" poem of negation, but a Bergsonian poem of creative life, in which forms are made, unmade, and transformed again. Kazantzakis’ world is harsh, often cruel, but it is not empty. On the contrary, it is almost unbearably full of meaning. Every visible thing wants to become a symbol rich in meaning: the body, the sea, woman, hunger, the animal, the city, God.
This is where the poem becomes essential for anyone interested in Kazantzakis’ religious imagination. The Odyssey is both pre-Christian and post-Christian. On one hand it is obsessed with salvation, yet on the other salvation does not descend from above. God is not a completed being who rescues man; God is the struggle that takes place within man. This brings the poem close to The Saviors of God: man is not saved by God; man becomes the place where God may be saved. The main character as as well as the author abolish the comfortable distinction between religion and atheism. He is neither an obedient believer nor a simple unbeliever. The latter rejects the God who would make life easier, but he cannot abandon God as the highest name for human self-transcendence.
In this sense, Odysseus is an inverted Christ figure. He does not save the world by sacrificing himself for others, but by testing every possible form of human existence and refusing to let any of them harden into an idol. His journey is a passion of freedom. In The Last Temptation of Christ, Kazantzakis later asks whether God can become man without surrendering to ordinary human happiness. In The Odyssey, he asks the opposite question: whether man can become so free that he no longer needs any final consolation.
But this is also where the weakness of the poem lies. Kazantzakis often writes as though every image must be ultimate, every cry cosmic, every gesture absolute. Yet in Kazantzakis, excess is not merely a stylistic flaw. It is a spiritual method. His epic does not wish to be beautiful in the classical sense. It wishes to be a struggle in which language itself becomes breathless.
This sequel to Homer is a work of a transitional age. Kazantzakis saw modern Europe as exhausted, bourgeois, and spiritually sick; this is why he was drawn to Homeric material, which he understood not as a dead classical inheritance but as a mythical language for periods in which old civilizations collapse and new ones have not yet been born. His Odysseus is the man who must survive such an age. Not a happy man, but a man capable of not being destroyed by the absence of certainty.
Odysseus is therefore close to Zorba, Francis, and Christ, but identical with none of them. Zorba accepts the earth through the body. Francis transforms poverty, pain and hunger into joy. Christ struggles against the temptation of ordinary human fulfilment. Odysseus comes before all of them: he is the laboratory of these possibilities and must be read as the seed from which all of these later Heroes of Kazantzakis were born.
correcting your notes-- Kimon Friar was the translator, not the photographer-- AND, the translation itself is a work of art. Friar never repeats a descriptive word in all the thirty three thousand lines of the story, which begins where Homer left off. Kazantzakis was exiled from Greece for writing this book in modern Greek! the book reminds me of Tennyson's Ulysses: "...old age hath yet his honor and his toil, death closes all, yet something ere the end, some work of noble note may yet be done not unbecoming men who strove with gods..." "...for my purpose holds to sail beyond the sunset.."
This book is, perhaps, the most flagrantly "mid-century modern" thing I've ever read. It's a massive, "significant", he-man undertaking. And some of it is pretty good. Even in translation, the poetry can be very good indeed. But it's also repetitive. The same rehash of Nietzsche appears over and over and over again. Further, Kazantzakis's Odysseus, to my mind, has very little in common with his many portrayals over the millennia and he resembles nothing so much as Goethe's Faust (who is about as unpleasant a character as classic literature provides outside of actual villains).
Five stars for Kimon Friar's amazing translation. And, for that matter, five stars for Kazantzakis as a poet. Yet he somehow makes Odysseus despicable. It's a disturbing book that I blazed through halfway and then suddenly threw it away in disgust. Don't know if I'll ever be able to go back to it. The author's philosophy (influenced by Bergson, and, one should think, Nietzsche or maybe d'Annunzio) is overbearing. It makes me want to read Zorba the Greek in hopes of finding a warmer, more human Nikos Kazantzakis. Maybe I'll update this some day....
Picking up where Homer left us in the saga of Odysseus, Kazantzakis rejuvenates the tale through a modern perspective, constructing a massively ambitious set of adventures to carry us back into this enchanted world. He touches on just about everything philosophically and spiritually, and the prose is bursting with lush descriptions and an overall joie de vivre. One of the most beautiful, under-appreciated books. An epic masterpiece.
Epic indeed. This tome picks up right where Homer left off. Kazantzakis takes his borrowed protagonist on new adventures with fresh companions and challenges. As a translated poem, some of the rhythm and meter probably get distorted, but it still mirrors its predecessor in ambition and breadth.
Every page I pause in amazement. I'm completely wonder-struck by the immensity of Kazantzakis' soul and his compulsive need to have every line writhe and glow with it. I can't say more about it without babbling like an excited child.
я, конечно, изначально понимал, что это не настоящая Одиссея, которую надо перечитать перед просмотром фильмы Нолана, чтобы освежить в памяти, кто там какие деревья ебет (шутка Криса Мура), просто читать ее все равно собирался давно, а тут так совпало. начинается все с якобы реального Одиссея, умывшегося по истреблении женихов, а продолжается маловнятным богоискательским квестом (вроде как за железом; хотя все перипетии его носят случайный характер и больше всего напоминают пьяный бред, если честно: по пути Одиссей везде поднимает восстания каких-нибудь угнетенных критян, египтян или негров, к которым примешиваются не пойми откуда взявшиеся "белокурые варвары", а в конце же к нему уже невозможно относиться всерьез - одна жизнь с селянами Антарктиды чего стоит, равно как и смерть от айсберга на Южном полюсе).
но самое неприятное - в том, что эта "свистопляска" подрывает саму красивую поэтичную идею "Одиссеи" как странствия не пойми куда по воле случайных обстоятельств (ну и в исполнение кармических обязательств, конечно), имея смутную цель когда-нибудь возвращения. у Казандзакиса это никакая не Одиссея, а нечто мутное и развивающееся по иудеохристианским сюжетным шаблонам, изрядно навязшим в зубах, и надо признать, что даже имя героя наш автор угнал и аппроприировал, ибо его весьма неприятный и довольно недалекий персонаж имеет мало общего с "настоящим" Одиссеем.
ибо сейчас становится все яснее, что Казандзакис, несмотря на свой т.н. "критский взгляд" (смесь азиатского дионисийства и эллинского аполлонизма), был всё-таки если не графоманом, то мегаломаном с комплексом духовного Наполеона (до мессии он бы, наверное, недотянул), ибо эти его метафизические богоискательства, надиктованные Бергсоном и Ницше, на фоне всей роскоши греческого пантеона выглядят довольно убого, нарочито и навязчиво. в этом, среди прочего, глубокая провинциальность самого Казандзакиса, как бы ни надувал он щеки, видная как мало в чем другом, и даже его курчавый и цветистый стиль не так режет глаз. хотя это, конечно, переводческий подвиг Кимона Фрайара, то и сё, а картинки Гики к поэме прекрасные.
...однако интересно было бы проследить траектории Одиссея настоящего, Одиссея "модернового" из поэмы - и сопоставить их с траекторией Энии Ленитропа из РТ, потому что с Орфеем-то Энию сопоставляли, а вот с Одиссеем нет (а мы в переводе ему ещё и ложную ссылку на Энея подкинули, в духе "обманных маневров" самого автора), а оно было б уместнее. но это, надо полагать, тема для чьей-нибудь диссертации.
This is rather more to chew on than might at first appear. It's no mere continuation of The Odyssey but an expression of Kazantzakis's philosophy, which for me is not that easy to swallow. Kazantzakis was a scholar of Nietzsche and his Odysseus embodies the Nietzschean superman, unbound by convention or morality. The darkness of Odysseus, already pretty prominent in Homer, is given free reign here, whilst the more sympathetic parts of his personality, especially his love for Penelope, are played down. Given what might seem a resurgence of Nietzschean worldviews, this is, at least for me uncomfortable.
I might have been able to read this with detachment. However, there is a scene of what can only be described as paedophilia that, personally, I couldn't stomach. Yes, this was accepted in the ancient world, but it's uncritical inclusion here is an authorial choice. It does look as though Odysseus might evolve into a more compassionate character at this point, but, for me, the journey ends here.
The writing is in verse, as is the (extraordinary) English translation, and it's frequently very beautiful, if somewhat digressive and long-winded.
tác phẩm vĩ đại nhất của Kazantzakis viết về Odyssey thời "hậu hiện đại", không còn lênh đênh trên Egée nữa mà là hành trình vào tâm linh/tư tưởng. vô vàn hình ảnh thần thoại đẹp đẽ được tác giả tô vẽ một cách tráng lệ, ngoài ra còn cảnh tác giả đi tìm đức tin lảng vảng lúc gần lúc xa, ảo giác của cả một thời đại được khắc họa cực kỳ sâu sắc và đẹp đẽ.
Illuminated, red-blooded, fertile, radiant. Ideal for summer reading. This book glistens like the sun reflecting off the Mediterranean Sea. Immaculate, genuinely stunning. This gets my highest recommendation for your next summer read.
almost definitely the pinnacle of kazantzakis's work. requires a close reading but it's well worth the time invested. something I'll have to come back to later.