Charles John Huffam Dickens (1812-1870) was a writer and social critic who created some of the world's best-known fictional characters and is regarded as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era. His works enjoyed unprecedented popularity during his lifetime, and by the twentieth century critics and scholars had recognised him as a literary genius. His novels and short stories enjoy lasting popularity.
Dickens left school to work in a factory when his father was incarcerated in a debtors' prison. Despite his lack of formal education, he edited a weekly journal for 20 years, wrote 15 novels, five novellas, hundreds of short stories and non-fiction articles, lectured and performed extensively, was an indefatigable letter writer, and campaigned vigorously for children's rights, education, and other social reforms.
Dickens was regarded as the literary colossus of his age. His 1843 novella, A Christmas Carol, remains popular and continues to inspire adaptations in every artistic genre. Oliver Twist and Great Expectations are also frequently adapted, and, like many of his novels, evoke images of early Victorian London. His 1859 novel, A Tale of Two Cities, set in London and Paris, is his best-known work of historical fiction. Dickens's creative genius has been praised by fellow writers—from Leo Tolstoy to George Orwell and G. K. Chesterton—for its realism, comedy, prose style, unique characterisations, and social criticism. On the other hand, Oscar Wilde, Henry James, and Virginia Woolf complained of a lack of psychological depth, loose writing, and a vein of saccharine sentimentalism. The term Dickensian is used to describe something that is reminiscent of Dickens and his writings, such as poor social conditions or comically repulsive characters.
On 8 June 1870, Dickens suffered another stroke at his home after a full day's work on Edwin Drood. He never regained consciousness, and the next day he died at Gad's Hill Place. Contrary to his wish to be buried at Rochester Cathedral "in an inexpensive, unostentatious, and strictly private manner," he was laid to rest in the Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey. A printed epitaph circulated at the time of the funeral reads: "To the Memory of Charles Dickens (England's most popular author) who died at his residence, Higham, near Rochester, Kent, 9 June 1870, aged 58 years. He was a sympathiser with the poor, the suffering, and the oppressed; and by his death, one of England's greatest writers is lost to the world." His last words were: "On the ground", in response to his sister-in-law Georgina's request that he lie down.
Charles Dickens’s Nicholas Nickleby (1839) is both a biting social commentary and an exuberant tale of resilience. Though written nearly two centuries ago, it feels surprisingly fresh, reminding us that while the outward forms of society may change, human nature—greed, cruelty, kindness, and loyalty—remains constant.
The novel follows young Nicholas, who must fend for himself and his sister after their father’s death leaves them impoverished. At its heart, the story explores the struggles of the vulnerable in a society rife with exploitation, particularly in Dickens’s scathing portrayal of the brutal Yorkshire boarding schools, embodied by the grotesque Wackford Squeers. Nicholas’s clash with Squeers is one of the book’s most memorable episodes, showing courage standing up against corruption.
Dickens peoples the narrative with vivid characters, from the venomous, miserly Ralph Nickleby—Nicholas’s cold-hearted uncle—whose relentless pursuit of money makes him a timeless emblem of greed, to the tender and devoted Newman Noggs, a down-and-out clerk who becomes one of the family’s truest allies. Kate Nickleby, Nicholas’s sister, embodies quiet strength and dignity even under constant harassment, while the Crummles theatrical troupe injects humor, satire, and warmth, balancing the novel’s darker notes.
What gives Nicholas Nickleby its enduring power is not just Dickens’s critique of Victorian injustice, but his keen eye for character and his understanding that the same flaws and virtues he depicts—selfishness, cruelty, generosity, bravery—are part of every age. In reading it today, we see not just the world of 19th-century England, but the enduring patterns of human behavior.