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Brief History of Korea A Birds Eye View
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Published January 1, 2000
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January 22, 2025
Kickstarting 2025 with the history of my people
PREHISTORIC
500,000 BCE- first Paleolithic humans on the Korean peninsula
3000 BCE - beginning of Neolithic culture
2333 BCE - legendary founding of Ancient Joseon 고조선 Kingdom by Tan'gun 단군왕검; Celebrated on 3 October 개천절
1000 BCE - Bronze Age from the Scytho-Siberian tradition
400 BCE- Iron Age
200 BCE- rise of Puyo in Manchuria and Chin on Han River
194 BCE - Wiman Joseon start, Ancient Joseon end
108 BCE- Wiman Joseon end, Chinese Commanderies start by Emperor Wu (ends 313 CE)
THREE KINGDOMS (57 BC - 668 CE)
57 BC- Silla founded by Pak Hyokkose
37 BC- Goguryeo founded by a Puyo prince, 주몽
18 BC- Baekje founded by Puyo nobleman, 온조 어라하
313 CE - End of Chinese Commanderies in Korea
372 - Official adoption of Buddhism in Goguryeo + Confucian college
472 - Goguryeo capital in 평양
527 - Official adoption of Buddhism in Silla
551 - Silla's control of the Han River from Goguryeo and Baekje = direct route to China
612-618 - Military victories of Goguryeo against the Sui (Chinese) invasion
632-647 - Queen Seondeok of Silla's reign
645-662 - Repulsion of the Tang by Goguryeo
648 - Formation of the Silla - Tang alliance
663 - Silla + Tang destroyed Baekje
668 - Silla + Tang destroyed Goguryeo; Silla then united the entire peninsula
UNIFIED SILLA (668 to 935 CE)
668 - Unification of the Three Kingdoms
676 - Silla-Tang War
699 - Founding of Balhae Kingdom (former Goguryeo)
751 - Construction of Buddhist temples like 석굴암 & 경주 불국사
LATER THREE KINGDOMS
895 - Founding of Later Goguryeo
900 - Founding of Later Baekje
GORYEO & JOSEON (918 - 1600)
918 - Goryeo begins; founded by Wang Kon 태조왕건
935 - Surrender of the last Silla king to Goryeo
936 - Overthrow of Later Baekje by 왕건
958 - Chinese civil service exam
993, 1108- Invasions of the Qidans
1145 - History of the Three Kingdoms 삼국사기 published by 김부식
1170 - Goryeo ends; overthrown by General 정중부 coup d'etat
1196 - 정 family era begins
1231 - first Mongol invasion
1232 - Flight of Goryeo court
1234 - Invention of metallic movable type (typewriter slay)
1259 - established peace with the Mongols
1270 - Goryeo court surrendered to Mongols
1274 - First Mongol-Korean expedition to Japan
1285 - Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms 삼국유사 published by Monk Iryon 일연
1388 - General Yi Song-gye 이성계 coup d'état; overthrew the pro-Mongol Goryeo dynasty
1392 - Joseon era starts by 이성계 aka 태조
1394 - 한양 as the capital (present day Seoul)
1443 - Korean alphabet by 세종대왕
1470 - "National Code" published
1592 - Hideyoshi Invasion of Joseon; 이순신 장군 turtle ships
1593 - Father Gregorio de Cespeds arrived with the Japanese army. First Christian missionary
1597 - Hideyoshi's 2nd Invasion (bruh stop)
LATER JOSEON (1600-1910)
1593 - First encounter with Europeans. Father Gregorio de Cespedes, a Spanish Jesuit priest
1614 - Christian book
1627 - First Manchu Invasion
1628 - Arrival 3 Dutchmen in Korea
1783 - 이승훈 went to Beijing and baptized a Catholic; first Korean missionary & martyr
1784 - Official launch of Catholicism in Korea
1812 - Peasant Rebellion, 홍경래의 난
1831 - Arrival of first French Catholic priest
1850s-70s - Isolationist policy against Europe made Korea vulnerable
1860 - Founding of donghak 동학 "eastern learning" by 최제우
1864 - King Gojong's reign starts at 10 yrs old; puppet king controlled by his father, 흥선대원군 aka 대원군
1865 - roughly 23,000 Christian converts WOW
1866 - anti-Catholic persecution of 8,000 Koreans led by 대원군
1850s-70s - Korea's isolationist policy made it vulnerable. In 1860 Russia became Korea's neighbor by acquiring some Chinese land. In 1873 Japan's Meiji government tried to conquer Korea because of its refusal to open doors
1873 - King Gojong officially starts; 대원군 ends
1876 - Treaty of Kanghwa with Japan
1882 - Korean-American Treaty in Incheon
1882 - Imo Incident / Imo Mutiny / Soldiers' Riot of 1882 임오군란. Anti-Western military uprising
1884 - Gapsin Coup 갑신정변, 갑신혁명 led to informal Chinese domination of Korea… BRUH
1885 - Signing of Li-Ito Convention of Tientsin between China and Japan
1886 - Ewha Girls' School by American missionary Mary Scranton
1894 - First Sino-Japanese War 청일전쟁; Donghak Peasant Revolution 동학농민혁명; Kabo Reforms
1895 - end of Sino-Japanese War with Treaty of Shimonoseki; Japan assassinated Queen Min, pro-Russian and pro-American
1896 - Gojong fled Korea --> Russia; 서재필 (Philip Jaisohn) created the Independence Club
1898 - Gojong disbanded the club
1904 - Russo-Japanese War; Taft-Katsura Agreement; Portsmouth Treaty
JAPANESE COLONIAL RULE & US-SOVIET OCCUPATION (1910-1948)
1905 - Russo-Japanese War over
1906 - Ito Hirobumi first Resident-General
1907 - 고종 → 순종; disbandment of the Korean army; intense anti-Japanese guerilla warfare by "righteous armies" uibyong 의병
1909 - assassination of Ito Hirobumi by 안중근
FIRST STAGE
1910 - Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty :(
1912-13 - "Conspiracy Case" trail of 105 Korean Christians
1919 - March First Movement "3.1 운동"; establishment of Korean Provisional Government (KPG); inauguration of Dr. 이승만; 제암리 학살 사건 massacre Japanese soldiers killed 30 Koreans
SECOND STAGE
1920 - two vernacular newspapers, Joseon Ilbo and Tong-a Ilbo
1924 - opening of Keijo [Seoul] imperial university (present day Seoul National)
1925 - Korean Communist Party in Seoul
1926 - students' independence demonstrations
1927 - 신간회, Korean independence group with 30,000 people
1929 - Gwangju Student Movement 광주 학생 독립 운동
THIRD STAGE
1932 - Hongkou Park Incident where 윤봉길 attacks Japanese with 2 bombs
1935 - forced attendance at Shinto shrines
1937 - Battle of Pochonbo ld by Kim Il-sung
1940 - ordinance of adopting Japanese names; closure of Korean vernacular newspapers
1941 - declaration of war by the KPG
1942 - Japanese Imperial Army drafted Korean youths
1943 - Cairo Declaration, where Allied leaders promised Korean independence "in due course"
1944 - comfort women …
1945 - Soviet Union war against Japan; US divide Korea along 38th parallel; Japan surrenders; formation of the People's Republic of Korea; Kim Il-sung chairman of the Northern communist Party
1946 - US-USSR Joint Commission
1947 - establishment of South Korean interim government
THE FIRST REPUBLIC (1948-60)
1948 - First Republic of Korea 제1공화국; Jeju Island uprising; 이승만 president of ROK; 김일성 Kim Il-sung premier of DPRK
1949 - U.S. withdrawal of troops from ROK
1950 - DPRK invades ROK; General Douglas MacArthur leads UN forces into Incheon; ROK crosses 38th parallel; Chinese troops enter Korea
1951 - Geochang Massacre 거창 양민학살 사건
1952 - Declaration of the Rhee (Peace) Line
1953 - release of 27,000 anti-Communist North Koreans by President Rhee; Korea-US Mutual Defense Treaty
1960 - April 19 Revolution resignation of President Rhee
1961 - May 16 coup 5.16 군사정변
SECOND REPUBLIC (1960-61)
1960 - establishment of 제2공화국; inauguration of President 윤보선 and Prime Minister 장면;
1961 - Park Chung-hee's military coup d'etat; establishment of Korean CIA
THIRD REPUBLIC (1963-72)
1963 - inauguration of the Third Republic 제3공화국; President 박정희
1965 - signing of the South Korean-Japanese Normalization reaty; dispatch SK troops to Vietnam
1968 - assassination attempt of 박대통령 by North Korea
1972 - North-South talks; re-election of 박정희
FOURTH REPUBLIC (1972-81 )
1973 - abduction of Kim Dae-jung by the Korean CIA
1978 - re-election of President Park for the 4th term
1979 - assassination of President Park by KCIA; student demonstrations in Busa; election of 최규하; military coup led by 전두환
FIFTH REPUBLIC (1981-88)
1980 - election of president 전두환; Gwangju Democratization Movement 오일팔
1983 - Soviet missiles shot down Korean Airline Flight 007
1986 - 10th Asian Games
1987 - President's Chun's acceptance of the "Democratization Manifesto" by Roh Tae-woo
SIXTH REPUBLIC (1988-
1988 - inauguration of 노태우; Olympic Games
1989 - ROK's establishment of diplomatic relations with Hungary, Poland and Yugoslavia
1990 - summit between President Roh and General Secretary Mikahil Gorbachev; South Korea & USSR diplomatic relations
1991 - membership of North and South Korea into the UN
1992 - diplomatic relations between ROK and PRC
1993 - inauguration of president 김영삼
1994 - North Korean ambition for nuclear weapons revealed; 김일성 dies
1996 - North Koreans and Korean Peninsula Energy Development Org (KEDO) sign a treaty
1997 - ROK applies for $570 million loan from IMF economic crisis
1998 - president 김대중
PREHISTORIC
500,000 BCE- first Paleolithic humans on the Korean peninsula
3000 BCE - beginning of Neolithic culture
2333 BCE - legendary founding of Ancient Joseon 고조선 Kingdom by Tan'gun 단군왕검; Celebrated on 3 October 개천절
1000 BCE - Bronze Age from the Scytho-Siberian tradition
400 BCE- Iron Age
200 BCE- rise of Puyo in Manchuria and Chin on Han River
194 BCE - Wiman Joseon start, Ancient Joseon end
108 BCE- Wiman Joseon end, Chinese Commanderies start by Emperor Wu (ends 313 CE)
THREE KINGDOMS (57 BC - 668 CE)
57 BC- Silla founded by Pak Hyokkose
37 BC- Goguryeo founded by a Puyo prince, 주몽
18 BC- Baekje founded by Puyo nobleman, 온조 어라하
313 CE - End of Chinese Commanderies in Korea
372 - Official adoption of Buddhism in Goguryeo + Confucian college
472 - Goguryeo capital in 평양
527 - Official adoption of Buddhism in Silla
551 - Silla's control of the Han River from Goguryeo and Baekje = direct route to China
612-618 - Military victories of Goguryeo against the Sui (Chinese) invasion
632-647 - Queen Seondeok of Silla's reign
645-662 - Repulsion of the Tang by Goguryeo
648 - Formation of the Silla - Tang alliance
663 - Silla + Tang destroyed Baekje
668 - Silla + Tang destroyed Goguryeo; Silla then united the entire peninsula
UNIFIED SILLA (668 to 935 CE)
668 - Unification of the Three Kingdoms
676 - Silla-Tang War
699 - Founding of Balhae Kingdom (former Goguryeo)
751 - Construction of Buddhist temples like 석굴암 & 경주 불국사
LATER THREE KINGDOMS
895 - Founding of Later Goguryeo
900 - Founding of Later Baekje
GORYEO & JOSEON (918 - 1600)
918 - Goryeo begins; founded by Wang Kon 태조왕건
935 - Surrender of the last Silla king to Goryeo
936 - Overthrow of Later Baekje by 왕건
958 - Chinese civil service exam
993, 1108- Invasions of the Qidans
1145 - History of the Three Kingdoms 삼국사기 published by 김부식
1170 - Goryeo ends; overthrown by General 정중부 coup d'etat
1196 - 정 family era begins
1231 - first Mongol invasion
1232 - Flight of Goryeo court
1234 - Invention of metallic movable type (typewriter slay)
1259 - established peace with the Mongols
1270 - Goryeo court surrendered to Mongols
1274 - First Mongol-Korean expedition to Japan
1285 - Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms 삼국유사 published by Monk Iryon 일연
1388 - General Yi Song-gye 이성계 coup d'état; overthrew the pro-Mongol Goryeo dynasty
1392 - Joseon era starts by 이성계 aka 태조
1394 - 한양 as the capital (present day Seoul)
1443 - Korean alphabet by 세종대왕
1470 - "National Code" published
1592 - Hideyoshi Invasion of Joseon; 이순신 장군 turtle ships
1593 - Father Gregorio de Cespeds arrived with the Japanese army. First Christian missionary
1597 - Hideyoshi's 2nd Invasion (bruh stop)
LATER JOSEON (1600-1910)
1593 - First encounter with Europeans. Father Gregorio de Cespedes, a Spanish Jesuit priest
1614 - Christian book
1627 - First Manchu Invasion
1628 - Arrival 3 Dutchmen in Korea
1783 - 이승훈 went to Beijing and baptized a Catholic; first Korean missionary & martyr
1784 - Official launch of Catholicism in Korea
1812 - Peasant Rebellion, 홍경래의 난
1831 - Arrival of first French Catholic priest
1850s-70s - Isolationist policy against Europe made Korea vulnerable
1860 - Founding of donghak 동학 "eastern learning" by 최제우
1864 - King Gojong's reign starts at 10 yrs old; puppet king controlled by his father, 흥선대원군 aka 대원군
1865 - roughly 23,000 Christian converts WOW
1866 - anti-Catholic persecution of 8,000 Koreans led by 대원군
1850s-70s - Korea's isolationist policy made it vulnerable. In 1860 Russia became Korea's neighbor by acquiring some Chinese land. In 1873 Japan's Meiji government tried to conquer Korea because of its refusal to open doors
1873 - King Gojong officially starts; 대원군 ends
1876 - Treaty of Kanghwa with Japan
1882 - Korean-American Treaty in Incheon
1882 - Imo Incident / Imo Mutiny / Soldiers' Riot of 1882 임오군란. Anti-Western military uprising
1884 - Gapsin Coup 갑신정변, 갑신혁명 led to informal Chinese domination of Korea… BRUH
1885 - Signing of Li-Ito Convention of Tientsin between China and Japan
1886 - Ewha Girls' School by American missionary Mary Scranton
1894 - First Sino-Japanese War 청일전쟁; Donghak Peasant Revolution 동학농민혁명; Kabo Reforms
1895 - end of Sino-Japanese War with Treaty of Shimonoseki; Japan assassinated Queen Min, pro-Russian and pro-American
1896 - Gojong fled Korea --> Russia; 서재필 (Philip Jaisohn) created the Independence Club
1898 - Gojong disbanded the club
1904 - Russo-Japanese War; Taft-Katsura Agreement; Portsmouth Treaty
JAPANESE COLONIAL RULE & US-SOVIET OCCUPATION (1910-1948)
1905 - Russo-Japanese War over
1906 - Ito Hirobumi first Resident-General
1907 - 고종 → 순종; disbandment of the Korean army; intense anti-Japanese guerilla warfare by "righteous armies" uibyong 의병
1909 - assassination of Ito Hirobumi by 안중근
FIRST STAGE
1910 - Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty :(
1912-13 - "Conspiracy Case" trail of 105 Korean Christians
1919 - March First Movement "3.1 운동"; establishment of Korean Provisional Government (KPG); inauguration of Dr. 이승만; 제암리 학살 사건 massacre Japanese soldiers killed 30 Koreans
SECOND STAGE
1920 - two vernacular newspapers, Joseon Ilbo and Tong-a Ilbo
1924 - opening of Keijo [Seoul] imperial university (present day Seoul National)
1925 - Korean Communist Party in Seoul
1926 - students' independence demonstrations
1927 - 신간회, Korean independence group with 30,000 people
1929 - Gwangju Student Movement 광주 학생 독립 운동
THIRD STAGE
1932 - Hongkou Park Incident where 윤봉길 attacks Japanese with 2 bombs
1935 - forced attendance at Shinto shrines
1937 - Battle of Pochonbo ld by Kim Il-sung
1940 - ordinance of adopting Japanese names; closure of Korean vernacular newspapers
1941 - declaration of war by the KPG
1942 - Japanese Imperial Army drafted Korean youths
1943 - Cairo Declaration, where Allied leaders promised Korean independence "in due course"
1944 - comfort women …
1945 - Soviet Union war against Japan; US divide Korea along 38th parallel; Japan surrenders; formation of the People's Republic of Korea; Kim Il-sung chairman of the Northern communist Party
1946 - US-USSR Joint Commission
1947 - establishment of South Korean interim government
THE FIRST REPUBLIC (1948-60)
1948 - First Republic of Korea 제1공화국; Jeju Island uprising; 이승만 president of ROK; 김일성 Kim Il-sung premier of DPRK
1949 - U.S. withdrawal of troops from ROK
1950 - DPRK invades ROK; General Douglas MacArthur leads UN forces into Incheon; ROK crosses 38th parallel; Chinese troops enter Korea
1951 - Geochang Massacre 거창 양민학살 사건
1952 - Declaration of the Rhee (Peace) Line
1953 - release of 27,000 anti-Communist North Koreans by President Rhee; Korea-US Mutual Defense Treaty
1960 - April 19 Revolution resignation of President Rhee
1961 - May 16 coup 5.16 군사정변
SECOND REPUBLIC (1960-61)
1960 - establishment of 제2공화국; inauguration of President 윤보선 and Prime Minister 장면;
1961 - Park Chung-hee's military coup d'etat; establishment of Korean CIA
THIRD REPUBLIC (1963-72)
1963 - inauguration of the Third Republic 제3공화국; President 박정희
1965 - signing of the South Korean-Japanese Normalization reaty; dispatch SK troops to Vietnam
1968 - assassination attempt of 박대통령 by North Korea
1972 - North-South talks; re-election of 박정희
FOURTH REPUBLIC (1972-81 )
1973 - abduction of Kim Dae-jung by the Korean CIA
1978 - re-election of President Park for the 4th term
1979 - assassination of President Park by KCIA; student demonstrations in Busa; election of 최규하; military coup led by 전두환
FIFTH REPUBLIC (1981-88)
1980 - election of president 전두환; Gwangju Democratization Movement 오일팔
1983 - Soviet missiles shot down Korean Airline Flight 007
1986 - 10th Asian Games
1987 - President's Chun's acceptance of the "Democratization Manifesto" by Roh Tae-woo
SIXTH REPUBLIC (1988-
1988 - inauguration of 노태우; Olympic Games
1989 - ROK's establishment of diplomatic relations with Hungary, Poland and Yugoslavia
1990 - summit between President Roh and General Secretary Mikahil Gorbachev; South Korea & USSR diplomatic relations
1991 - membership of North and South Korea into the UN
1992 - diplomatic relations between ROK and PRC
1993 - inauguration of president 김영삼
1994 - North Korean ambition for nuclear weapons revealed; 김일성 dies
1996 - North Koreans and Korean Peninsula Energy Development Org (KEDO) sign a treaty
1997 - ROK applies for $570 million loan from IMF economic crisis
1998 - president 김대중
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