Based on studies of 67 scholars from Australia, Britain, Canada, and the US, provides a concise, international summary of the past and present of doctoral degrees, predicts how they might change, and recommends how they should. Examines the strengths and weaknesses of both traditional and non-traditional programs, and reviews the degree's remarkable lack of change since it was introduced in Paris around 1150. Distributed by Taylor & Francis. Acidic paper. Annotation copyright Book News, Inc. Portland, Or.