I apologize for taking so long to write this review...here it is!
Everyman’s (and Woman’s!) ‘How-To Become a Saint’ Manual
Spiritual exercises, devotions, finding a spiritual director ~ that’s all difficult mystic twaddle just for priests, monks and nuns who have given up the world for the religious life, right?
Wrong! Every Christian is called to work on their faith, spirituality is like a garden that must be tended on a continual basis if it is to produce fruit. In this classic spiritual ‘how-to’ book, St. Francis de Sales (1567-1622) shows the average person, no matter what their calling is in life, how to become closer to God and provides excellent advice on many spiritual subjects. As the translator, John K. Ryan, explains in his introduction (i.e from the Image Books / Doubleday Press Edition, 1989):
“St. Francis avoids the extremes that lead to danger or are themselves dangerous. His purpose is to arouse in his reader a complete love of God and an absolute confidence in Him. This life of devotion is as open to soldiers, shopkeepers, courtiers, statesmen and men of (business) affairs, and women in their homes as it is to solitaires in the desert and nuns in their cells. To the diversity of men and women he presents ways and means to attain holiness of life that are perfectly adapted to their varying conditions of life.”
This monumental book in spiritual literature first started out as a collection of letters to one of the saint’s spiritual children, Marie du Chastel, who married a relative of St. Francis, the ambassador of the Duke of Savoy to the republic of Berne. For legal reasons, Marie was compelled to stay in Annecy during the early part of 1607, the town close to where the St. Francis was born and where he resided after he was consecrated bishop of Geneva in 1602. However, when the time came for her to leave and return to Savoy, Marie was afraid her spiritual life might backslide without his personal guidance, which she was privileged to receive. He told her not to worry, for he would continually guide her through correspondence when needed. The letters were so helpful, she showed them to a Jesuit priest, Père Jean Fourier, then rector of the College of Chambéry, who was so impressed he urged St. Francis to have them printed whereby all the faithful could profit from his instructions. St. Francis did as he advised. He worked on the letters from 1607 to 1608, preparing them to be printed in a book format, also taking out Maria’s name and inserting ‘Philothea’ to include the general reader as St. Francis himself explains: “... I use a name that can refer to all who aspire to devotion. ‘Philothea’ signifies a soul loving, or in love with, God.” The year 1609 is printed on the title page of the first edition of “Introduction to the Devout Life”.
However, as can be expected, it became very popular and a second edition was called for, but errors crept in over the years, some due to himself St. Francis admits, others were due to printing errors, so the saint continually worked on the book and its various editions, adding to the material when a new topic came to him that needed clarification, or to correct serious blunders when chapters were accidentally omitted. To make a long story short about revisions and new editions, the final and most definitive version arranged by St. Francis de Sales was printed in 1618, from which the latest edition featuring in this review is based.
It is not a difficult book to read or understand, St. Francis de Sales uses straightforward language and advises the Catholic Christian in a simple manner how to grow in devotion and expand upon the spiritual life, giving various instructions and examples drawn not only from Scripture and writings of the saints plus their lives, but also quaint parables and stories from the learning of the period. However, even if some of the various ‘scientific’ parables seem out of date, and other items such as certain rules on when to receive Communion, etc, (we are dealing with the 17th Century after all!), St. Francis’ explanations are not dated despite the archaic style of expression, they are as valuable and enlightening today as when the day he first penned them in his letters to Maria. Such examples the reader will find very helpful, like advice on how to discern a temptation (which is not sinful) from a venial or even a mortal sin, especially when the sin is by interior consent and not by action, which is often a troubling issue to discern. Also, discerning the nature of true Christian friendship from the ‘toxic’ relationships harmful to the soul, and how to practise virtue when out in the world is illuminating. Of course, this book is excellent reading material for the penitential season of Lent when we need to pull up our bootstraps and scrub our souls a little!
I will say no more but allow the reader judge for themselves by the Table of Contents,
The subjects are numerous, but the book only has about 300 pages, so the chapters are short despite their number: do not let the lengthy nature of the Table of Contents put you off! The book also includes a short chronology of St. Francis’ life, plus numerous footnotes and an index. Certainly, this spiritual diamond deserves the full five stars.
Table of Contents
The First Part of the Introduction
Instructions and Exercises Needed to Lead the Soul from Its First Desire for the Devout Life until Brought to a Full Resolution to Embrace It.
1) Description of True Devotion
2) The Propriety and Excellence of Devotion
3) Devotion Is Possible in Every Vocation and Profession
4) Need of a Guide for Beginning Devotion and Making Progress in It
5) We Must First Begin by Purifying the Soul
6) The First Purgation (Purification), Namely, That of Mortal Sin
7) The Second Purgation, Namely, of Affection for Sin
8) Then Means of Making this Second Purgation
9) The First Meditation – On Our Creation
10) The Second Meditation—On the End for Which We Were Created
11) The Third Meditation—On God’s Benefactions
12) The Fourth Meditation—On Sin
13) The Fifth Meditation—On Death
14) The Six Meditation—On Judgment
15) The Seventh Meditation—On Hell
16) The Eight Meditation—On Paradise
17) The Ninth Meditation—The Election and Choice of Heaven
18) The Tenth Meditation—The Election and Choice the Soul Makes of a Devout Life
19) How to Make a General Confession
20) An Authentic Declaration to Impress on the Soul Its Resolution to Serve God and Conclude the Acts of Penance
21) Conclusion Drawn from This First Purgation
22) We Must Purify Ourselves of Affection for Venial Sin
23) We Must Purify Ourselves of Affection for Useless and Dangerous Things
24) We Must Purge Ourselves of Our Evil Inclinations.
The Second Part of the Introduction
Various Instructions for Elevating the Soul to God by Prayer and the Sacraments
1) The Necessity of Prayer
2) A Short Method of Meditation, and First of the Presence of God, Which Is the First Point of the Preparation.
3) The Invocation, the Second Point of Preparation
4) The Subject of the Mystery, the Third Point of Preparation
5) Considerations, the Second Part of the Meditation
6) Affections and Resolutions, the Third Part of Meditation
7) Conclusion and Spiritual Bouquet
8) Certain Useful Instructions on the Subject of Meditation
9) The Dryness Sometimes Experienced in Meditation
10) The Morning Exercise
11) The Evening Exercise and Examination of Conscience
12) Spiritual Retreat
13) Aspirations, Ejaculatory Prayers, and Good Thoughts
14) How to Attend Holy Mass
15) Other Public and Communal Exercises
16) Our Duty to Honor and Invoke the Saints
17) How We Must Hear the Word of God
18) How We Should Receive Inspirations
19) Holy Confession
20) Frequent Communion
21) How We Ought to Communicate
The Third Part of the Introduction
Instructions On the Practise of Virtue
1) The Choice We Must Make in the Exercise of Virtues
2) Discussion of the Choice of Virtues Continued
3) Patience
4) Outward Humility
5) Deeper Interior Humility
6) Humility Causes Us to Love Our Own Abjection
7) How We Are to Preserve Our Good Name
8) Meekness toward Our Neighbour and Remedies for Anger
9) Meekness toward Ourselves
10) We Must Watch Our Affairs Carefully but without Eagerness or Solicitude
11) Obedience
12) The Necessity of Chastity
13) Advice on How to Preserve Chastity
14) The Poverty of Spirit to Be Observed in the Midst of Riches
15) How to Practise Genuine Poverty although Really Rich
16) How to Practise Richness of Spirit in Real Poverty
17) On Friendship, and First, on Evil and Frivolous Friendships
18) Fond Loves
19) True Friendship
20) The Difference between True and Vain Friendships
21) Advice and Remedies against Evil Friendships
22) Further Advice on the Subject of Friendships
23) The Exercise of Exterior Mortification
24) Society and Solitude
25) Propriety in Dress
26) Concerning Speech, and First, How We Must Speak of God
27) Modesty in Speech and the Respect Due to Others
28) Rash Judgment
29) Slander
30) Additional Advice with regard to Conversation
31) Pastimes and Recreations, and First, Those That are Lawful and Praiseworthy
32) Prohibited Games
33) Parties and Lawful but Dangerous Pastimes
34) When It is Permissible to Play or Dance
35) We Must be Faithful to Both Great and Little Tasks
36) We Must Preserve a Just and Reasonable Mind
37) On Desires
38) Instructions for Married Persons
39) The Sanctity of the Marriage Bed
40) Instructions for Widows
41) A Word to Virgins
The Fourth Part
Necessary Counsels against the Most Frequent Temptations
1) We Must Disregard the Criticisms of This World’s Children
2) We Must Have Firm Courage
3) The Nature of Temptation and the Difference between Feeling Temptation and Consenting to It.
4) Two Good Illustrations of the Subject
5) Encouragement for a Soul under Temptation
6) How Temptation and Pleasure May Become Sinful
7) Remedies against Great Temptations
8) We Must Resist Small Temptations
9) Remedies to Be Taken Against Small Temptations
10) How to Strengthen Our Heart against Temptation
11) Anxiety
12) Sorrow
13) Concerning Spiritual and Sensible Consolations and How We Must Conduct Ourselves in Them
14) Spiritual Dryness and Sterility
15) Confirmation and Clarification of What Has Been Said by a Remarkable Example
The Fifth Part of the Introduction
Exercises and Instructions for renewing the Soul and Confirming It in Devotion
1) Each Year We Must renew Our Good Resolutions by the Following Exercises
2) Consideration of How God Benefits Us by Calling Us into His Service According to the Protestation Already Set Down
3) Examination of Our Soul on Its Progress in the Devout Life
4) Examination of Our State if Soul in Relation to God
5) Examination of Our State with Regard to Ourselves
6) Examination of Our State of Soule with Reference to Our Neighbor
7) Examination of the Affections of Our Soul
8) Affections to be Formed after This Examination
9) Considerations Proper for Renewing Our Good Resolutions
10) First Consideration: The Excellence of Our Soul
11) Second Consideration: The Excellence of Virtue
12) Third Consideration: The Example of the Saints
13) Fourth Consideration: The Love That Jesus Christ Has for Us
14) Fifth Consideration: God’s Eternal Love for Us
15) General Affections on the Preceding Considerations and Conclusion of the Exercise
16) Our Sentiments after This Exercise
17) Answer to Two Objections That May Be Made to This Introduction (to the Devout Life)
18) The Three Last and Principal Counsels for this Introduction