Too sad, really - I wanted to give this book 5 stars, because the first half of it is absolutely brilliant in exposing the workings of the reactionary mind, the reason anyone, but women especially, would turn against their most obvious, direct interests in order to look a little more respectable in the eyes of their oppressor, who really does not care anyway. She then leads over into a bit of Bible exegesis, which is more of an analysis of the Bible's meaning in 20th-century protestant America than an objective historical contextualization, but nevertheless still very insightful and interesting. In the final part, however, she loses it completely, and frequently makes statements which contradict the very things she had so brilliantly laid out in the first half. All women, she says, are oppressed by all men - who cares why, and how it works? We don't have to analyze the origins and functions of woman-hating, of the sexual slavery of marriage, of the function of reproductive and economic exploitation and how these systems fit together in order to make a coordinated campaign that brings down the structures which oppress women. All we have to do is unite all women against all men under the idea that women are individuals, not the grotesque creature dictated by patriarchal gender roles.
But unless women can understand the material conditions that exploit them, they will not spontaneously decide that "I am an individual" - the right wing women she talks about are, as she herself points out, convinced that their place in this system is what is best for them, what allows them to be who they are: "women" (aka creatures naturally subservient to men). Further, in her insistence that, really, there is no socio-economic class system beside the "sex-class", or that patriarchal society has no concrete material origins beside, I guess, some intrinsic male need to fuck women OR beget offspring without limit (on this point, she contradicts herself multiple times: on the one hand, she says that women under male rule are necessary only for sex, and that indeed children are a hindrance which leads men to support abortion, because their need for sex is greater than the need to oppress women on absolutely every front; on the other hand, patriarchal society only has one use for women: to give men children, when it comes to sex, masturbation does the trick, and that if men could scientifically engineer a way to get pregnant themselves, women could be done away with altogether), and that all political ideologies and movements are "male" and therefore foundationally built on woman-hating with the central aim to secure male sexual and reproductive access to women's bodies, she makes feminism this impossible, undefined ideal that exists outside the political spectrum. All women, of all persuasions, should realize that "as women", they have the same needs.
But a black woman working in a company owned by a white woman, in order to be free from economic exploitation (one of the forms of anti-woman violence named by Dworkin), needs to work AGAINST, not with, her female boss. There are concrete, material differences between these women - the boss has something to lose from a feminism that gives economic freedom to her employee, and therefore, the feminism that the factory-owner supports is likely going to contain pro-capitalist and racist (driving down the price of black labor) elements, maintaining her economic freedom, whereas the feminism of her employee will have to be anti-capitalist, anti-colonial and anti-racist. Feminism is not a "third way" that stands apart from all other "male" ideologies. Feminism needs to adopt concrete ideological stances and analyses, instead of simply naming symptoms of misogyny and saying "if you don't like some part of this, join the group!" The picture that emerges from this acausal WOMEN VS MEN framing is some sort of male conspiracy that makes concrete political tactics or even the overthrow of patriarchy unthinkable and impossible. If women also have a sex drive, if they also want men to give them children, and if men in fact do enjoy sex with a partner whom they haven't beaten, raped or degraded into being a passive part of an elaborate masturbatory ritual, why has patriarchal society come into being? Is it because women are simply weak, pink-brained and like being forced into submission? If patriarchy is seemingly eternal or just caused by "men", does that not imply that women will forever be victims? That freedom is against their nature?
"Men" also, of course, do not have all the power as a homogenous class, as her example of non-white men makes clear, but in order to explain away this fact, she resorts to the astounding claim that the greater oppression that meets non-white communities is a product of the fact that they tend to consist of more females and female-led single-parent households. That racism may be the cause, instead of the result, of this demographic circumstance, that this may be so because of the particularly hard work and unsafe conditions to which, as a consequence of racism, non-white men are subjected, and the violence and substance abuse which result from poverty, the fact that this is a way in which race and gender work together to/and negatively impact men as well as women (who do not have to do hard work but are now left without a provider) in different ways, does not occur to her, just like it seems she is unaware of the fact that this reduction of racism as not interconnected with but caused by sexism is the argument she is making. As I am sure she knows, there is no concrete conspiracy of males which aims to keep women down, but she also vehemently refuses to acknowledge that the patriarchal structure and its dichotomized system of gender, womanhood and manhood itself, are structurally oppressive and a system that reproduces itself regardless of the individuals that inhabit its binary gender roles. Therefore, the political enemy she constructs amounts to no more than a feminist version of the Jewish-Bolshevik banker conspiracy - "It's the men!" - and thus is as impossible to resolve. The responsibility of a biological group and the "easy solution" of genocide is as comforting a fantasy as of course it is an impossible one; it is for this reason that ardent anti-semitic conspiracy theorists habitually deny the Holocaust - the fact that the murder and dispossession of 6 million Jews and the handing over of their financial assets and property to "Aryans" did not have any impact on the workings of capitalism, that if anything this aided the monopolization of German industry and allowed Germany to emerge as the second strongest capitalist economy in the post-war era, that it is the nature of an abstract economic system that is barbaric, regardless of who sits at the top, would be a devastating reality to the quasi-millenarian belief of those who need a concrete enemy because they find the complexity of abstract social systems too dautingly immaterial. And maybe the impossibility is the point; change is scary, and change is hard.
In this kind of separatist and anti-materialist kind of feminism we already see the intellectual seeds of the sort of thinking which would ultimately lead to collapse of the feminist movement which we have to live with today - you need to work with something, and Dworkin's brand of feminism gives you nothing, no goal (except "individuality" and "freedom"), no strategy, not even a working model for solidarity, and no definition of what it means to be female (she can't even make up her mind if the biologically female ARE women or if woman is a category created by misogyny and imposed on the female-bodied, though she clearly operates on the prior assumption). On the one hand, there is the paranoid worshipping of women's chains by TERFs, who cling to some biological, essentialist definition of womanhood that is perpetually aggrieved, defined by the ability to give birth (women as biological category) AS WELL AS reproductive oppression (women as made, not born). On the other hand, in its totally de-politicized conception of feminism as a big tent of all women against some "male" anti-woman-conspiracy, not based on ideological commitment but simply the loose association of women across the political spectrum who all subscribe to the label of "feminist" so long as they believe that some sort of oppression affects them, no matter if they can agree on what that is, and who all can claim to fight against SOMETHING they deem sexist, Dworkins radical feminism is already extremely close to the completely deradicalized post-feminism which claims that anything a woman does is feminist because she is a woman, that therefore objectifying clothes are feminism because women wear them, pornography and prostitution, no matter how male-gazey, are feminism if it is women themselves who sell themselves through OnlyFans or other services, the genocide in Gaza is feminist because female soldiers engage in it, and that it was indeed second-wave feminists who were the real misogynists for ever claiming that women mostly made these choices because they had internalized patriarchal values. As Dworkin pretty much says, all things that happen to women today are equally bad, we don't need to put them in any sort of causal hierarchy, so the fight against pornography and prostitution (which she particularly fixates on) is equally as urgent as the fight against the systemic economic exploitation that leads women of a certain background to turn to sex work, the fight for short skirts at the office is equally as valid as the fight against objectifying standards of beauty, the fight for more female CEOs is equally important as the fight against these CEOs to give women paid maternity leave, etc.
The final pages were an infuriating, frustrating read that made me despair at seeing the seed for the destruction of the feminist movement which has really been pretty much dead since the second wave. It is pure identity politics, and it is deeply reactionary, anti-left and racist in its blindness to the different experiences of people, not just women, of color, and anti-queer in its schematic understanding that "women" are oppressed for "being women" instead of the function of cisheteronomativity that dictates binary gender roles and thus oppresses everyone, differently, and that work differently along axes of race. It is simply a politics of grievance, with no aim, no goal, no nothing. I am so deeply disappointed by this book, which I loved and recommended to everyone when I started it, it feels like a betrayal.