Bernard Stiegler's work on the intimate relations between the human and the technical have made him one of the most important voices to have emerged in French philosophy in the last decade. At the same time both an accessible summation of that work and a continuation of it, The Re-Enchantment of the World advances a critique of consumer capitalism that draws on Freud and Marx to construct an utterly contemporary analysis of our time. The book explores the cognitive, affective, social and economic effects of the 'proletarianization' of the consumer in late capitalism and the resulting destruction of the consumer's savoir-vivre. Reflecting the collective work of his activist organisation, Ars Industrialis , Stiegler here sets forth an alternative path to that of 'industrial populism', one that appeals to the force of the human spirit.
The Re-Enchantment of the World also includes the manifesto of Ars Industrialis and an account of the organisation's 2005 summit in Tunis.
Bernard Stiegler heads the Department of Cultural Development at the Pompidou Center in Paris and is co-founder of the political group Ars Industrialis. Stanford University Press has published the first two volumes of Technics and Time, The Fault of Epimetheus (1998) and Disorientation (2008), as well as his Acting Out (2008) and Taking Care of Youth and the Generations (2010).
Although quite short, this was a tough read. Stiegler doesn't slow down much to flesh out his concepts. I probably failed to grasp a third of the ideas in this book, especially since I still find it harder to maintain a long and consistent focus while reading French. It is full of half-a-page-long sentences with endless digressions within clauses, meaning that you have lost track of the subject by the time you finally arrive at the verb, causing countless re-readings of the same sentence until your eyes spin. I think that's just Stiegler's style, unfortunately.
The book almost comes across as a repetition of the same idea: technology is powerful and it changes the way that we know. Our minds are so dependent on technics, which are partially constitutive of our cognition, that a change in technics entails changes in minds, which thereon entail changes in social dynamics. Stiegler repeats this incessantly yet somehow always brings new dimensions to the idea, always manages to carve out new space, to find little cracks which this same insight can creep into and occupy. I think the Stieglerian style is probably therefore necessary in a sense. I wouldn't exactly call it a fun read, but Stiegler does manage to achieve a kind of conceptual playfulness, generating a feeling of motion and movement, such that the repetition never actually feels repetitive. In this way, although it is difficult, the constant working-over of his idea allows the reader to inhabit the space of his thought, so that even if you don't really grasp it the first time, no worries, because there will be the second, and the third, fourth, fifth (and many more) times to try to think it again. I think it's worth keeping in mind that he is asking a very difficult question, which is the question of the effects of technological acceleration under modern capitalism on human minds and spirits [esprits]. To be annoyed that it isn't clear or precise is to miss the point, because the nature of this problem possesses neither clarity nor precision. Stiegler is opening up ways of thinking about what is happening to us, trying to help us grasp the scope of the transformation that we are living through technics within capitalism.
From start to finish, the book teeters on the edge of being a text of despair, but I think it manages to stay the course, never falling into darkness. For me, it felt like a text of optimism and possibility, although the final section regarding the Tunis summit and recommendations for a reformation of society through controls of television may seem rather obsolete in the late morning of the internet, and for all that, perhaps making our new situation seem even more impossible than before. At least television seemed somewhat controllable – but what do we do now, in a space where it is unclear exactly who is in control, and where internet power, albeit more potent, exists much more diffusely than did television power?
Nevertheless, where I still find great optimism is that Stiegler actively tries to think our existing economic, digital, educational and entertainment structures in detail; he does not hold onto an old idea of communism to which we must return, and his ultimate position regarding capitalism and Marxism isn't clear in this work. He is open to working with capitalism for the time being, rather than enclosing himself in a university sanctuary, writing lovely texts about a future beyond capitalism. For the time being, while capitalism seems as though it is here to stay, Stiegler offers ways to modify it, in order to slow – and ultimately arrest – the decline of l'esprit. This pragmatic approach appeals to me intuitively, and I think it is probably a more tractable way to move beyond capitalism in the long term. Prioritising means working to stop a spiritual decline, which means acknowledging that there is a spiritual decline in the first place. The rise of religious sophists like J. B. Peterson seems to be a good indicator of this fact, and Stiegler's insistence in reclaiming that spirit is of importance to everyone (and not just religious people) is essential.
The first Stiegler I've read—also the first time reading Ars Industrial's manifestos. This thin book filled with technical terms that are quite impenetrable—though Stiegler's ideas in the two essays are pretty much simple to grasp. His notion of pharmakon, which brought from Plato, is fascinating to use as a concept in explaining the devalued of spirit in the age of industrial populism. I have an expectation to read Stiegler's take on the notion of value in the contemporary consumption culture and this book does not give any hint on that, however, Stiegler reflection of neoliberalism and its libidinal drive is interesting for further reading of his theories.
While this book was written a few years ago, it could not be more timely concerning our AI present. Everything Stiegler writes is worth pondering and reading aloud with friends!
Gorgeously difficult. This guy has something to say.
The book was written back in 2006, and Stiegler proves himself to be very predictive. He shows how the advent of the services economy has turned us from citizens into consumers, zombie-like addicts to screens, he describes the addiction to television and the like, and indeed, the same trend has intensified since then quite much with the thorough spread of the internet with in its wake smartphones, iPads, iPhones, ChatGPT etc. We have all turned into this sort of zombies, our spirit has left us, we are de-individualizing and dis-sociating. Our economy, no, capitalism, should be thoroughly revitalised by bringing back the spirit (ré-enchantement) into the realm of work and into society as a whole; we should as-sociate ourselves again, to each other, to our work, to location and time.
Though he addresses the problem sharply and eloquently, I think his solutions are not that clear. Part II is meant to address these solutions for countering ignorance; but they remain highly abstract and not very meaningful. They seem to all get down to making the internet and other ‘hypomnemata’ (i.e., tools offered by society to extend our memory) more supportive to the re-development of a public spirit among people, indeed like the policies for public internet protection that the EU has meanwhile developed to a certain extent. His examples are rare, and I must say that also Part I remains rather abstract. But in that part the analysis is also brilliant and eye-opening. His psycho-analytical interpretation of the weakening of desire, our libido, in favour of instant gratification as the source of our change from citizens into consumers (on page 62-66) is spectacular and enlightening.
Maybe it is due to its high level of abstraction that Ars Industrialis never took wings. At least, never as much as Stiegler aspired to, back in 2006. His message is urgent though, and still worth reading.