A Pale View of Hills reads like a dream, thus the conclusions drawn about the narrator and the events she describes are more ambiguous then those in Ishiguro’s other novels. Unlike other Ishiguro’s novels, we are not only left doubting the narrator’s interpretations of her memories, but doubting whether they are memories at all. Therefore, this review attempts to separate the story that is presented by the narrator, Etsuko, and the “truth” of the events that lies beneath her unreliable narration.
That being said, I think it is interesting to note that the novel appears to purposefully be divided into two parts. Although there is no clear plot distinction between the two sections, since I had read Ishiguro before, I saw this as the secret for unraveling the novels ambiguity.
To begin with, I realized Etsuko’s life was clearly broken into two very different past and presents. The past, her life in post-WWII Japan with her first husband and the birth of her first child Kieko, and then the present, defined by her life in England with her second husband and her daughter Niki. Rather then using the two sections to structure the novel chronologically, the narrator, Etsuko, chooses to bounce back and forth from past to present in both sections, as if she too is confused as to the boundary that divides the two, mixing memory with falsehoods.
This can seen most clearly on the last page of Part One, when Etsuko is addressing her daughter about a reoccurring dream she is having about a little girl she saw on a swing the other day. Earlier in the novel, Etsuko suggests that it was seeing this little girl that prompted all of her memories of Sachiko and her daughter Mariko, however in this last page of the section, Etsuko realizes “something else about the dream. The little girl isn’t on a swing at all. It seemed like that at first. But it’s not a swing she’s on” (pg. 96). Most likely, Etsuko is realizing here that she is not thinking of the little girl, she is thinking of her own child, Kieko, dangling from a rope when she hung herself in her room. If this is true, and the image of the death of her oldest daughter marks the recollections of Mariko, then the changing of the pronouns at the end of the novel (when she addresses Mariko as her own child) suggest that Etsuko is aware at some level they are the same person, yet her memory separates them because of personal guilt or trauma.
If this is true, then the novel’s division into two sections becomes clear: Part One is where the memories of past and present exist separate from each other in the narrator’s mind, Part Two is when the narrator realizes she has created these false memories in order to hide the guilt she feels about her daughter’s suicide. In Part Two, the narrator slowly begins to meld these different realities together, mixing pronouns and switching names, because she is slowly realizing the truth, that “the little girl is not on a swing at all”.
Once the reader is aware that Sachiko is most likely the doppelganger of Etsuko and Mariko is Kieko, a few of the novel’s reoccurring memories begin to take on new meaning. To begin with, Etsuko tells of two memories where she goes out looking for Kieko in the woods at night and finds the child under a willow tree and runs away scared. Although these two memories appear to be different, Etsuko combines the details of each into a reoccurring collective memory. For example, although she only remembers in one memory picking up a rope on her way to find Maiko, in both memories Mariko appears scared and asks about why Etsuko is holding the rope. Etsuko later recalls a child in the city being hung from a tree by a rope, and reveals her own daughter had hung herself with a rope in her room. Most likely, Etsuko has these memories where the child is threatened by her holding a rope because she, at some level, blames herself for her daughter’s death.
Another example of these overlapping and conflicting memories is Mariko’s constant fear of the woman she saw drown her own child. From the very beginning of the novel, Mariko compares Etsuko to this woman, who she says also offered to take her back to her house the day after Etsuko and Mariko had the same interaction. Later in the novel, Sachiko reenacts (down to the same body movements and empty smile) the same scene as the woman drowning the baby when she drowns Mariko’s kittens. If Sachiko is actually Etsuko’s memory manifestation of herself, then she is reliving the guilt of feeling like she killed her own child.
Towards the beginning of the novel, Etsuko states that the suicide of her daughter prompted the newspaper to draw a parallel to the fact that she was Japanese and committed suicide, as if the two were linked. Through all of her attempts to rationalize these memories, it becomes clear by the end of the novel that Etsuko cannot dissolve her guilt of her past, her heritage, being the reason her daughter died.
This theme of the past haunting the living, is something that runs throughout every aspect of the novel: Sachiko’s haunted house being the only remaining pre-war building, the young families going to cemeteries with their young children, Jiro’s rocky relationship with his strong viewed father, the choice/regret of Etsuko not living in the home of her father-in-law. Mrs Fujiwara’s declaration of forgetting the past and looking forward to happier days is something Etsuko continually repeats throughout her narration, but it is something that she is unable to do.
This can best be seen in the stark contradiction of the opening lines of the novel (where Etsuko states her younger daughter is names Niki in order to give up Japanese tradition and “not be reminded of the past”) and the middle of the novel where Etsuko promises her father-in-law that she will name all her children after him and his wife. Etsuko is a woman who, though the death of her daughter, is attempting to forget her past by creating a new one that is devoid of pain. But like her youngest child’s name that echos the sounds of her past, Etsuko’s falseified memories cannot help but reveal the truth underneath.
The novel ends with Niki leaving her past, her home, in an attempt to forge her own future (deny the past filled with a dead sister by sleeping in a room that is not her own and not going to her sister’s funeral). The last line states, “Niki glanced back and seemed surprised to find me still standing at the door”. The past, Ishiguro argues, will always haunt us.