The Indian Ocean island of Mauritius was chosen as a case study for an in-depth analysis of the complex and controversial interactions between population, economic development, and environmental constraints. Mauritius, with one of the world's highest population densities, has excellent data for such an analysis. During the 1960s/70s it experienced the world's most rapid fertility decline, followed by a remarkable economic boom. Rapid industrialization, however, threatens the environment. The computer simulation model described in this book shows possible paths of future development that can lead to sustainable economic growth and high social development, even under high environmental standards.