علم الجريمة: مقدمة قصيرة جدا

Very Short Introductions #563

by Tim Newburn, أسماء عزب (ترجمة), شيماء طه الريدي (مراجعة)

تؤثِّر الجريمة والعدالة الجنائية على حياة الملايين من الناس في جميع أنحاءِ العالَم؛ لذا، ليس من المستغرَب أن تتصدَّرا جدولَ أعمال السياسة العامة لأغلب دول العالَم. ويتناول هذا الكتاب من سلسلة «مقدمة قصيرة جدًّا» ماهيةَ الجريمة، ومَن يرتكبها، ومتى يتوقَّف، ولماذا، وكيفيةَ قياسِ الجريمة وتقييم فعالية التدابير الوقائية. ومن خلال دراسة الاتجاهات السائدة في الجريمة في العالَم النامي، يستكشف الكتاب أيضًا أسبابَ الجريمة، والعلاقةَ بينها وبين المخدِّرات، ويحلِّل ما نعرِفه عن أسبابِ إقلاع الناس عن ارتكاب الجرائم، وإمكانية استخدام هذه المعلومات لتشكيل السياسات الاحترازية والعدالة الجنائية، وهو ما يؤدي إلى التشكيكِ في تأثير السجون على تقليل احتمالية عودة الشخص إلى الإجرام، وتفضيلِ ممارَسات إعادة التأهيل البنَّاءة. ويُختتَم الكتاب بمناقَشة الدور الذي يُمكِن توقُّعه لعلم الجريمة في سياسات مكافَحة الجريمة، والقيود التي قد تحُدُّ من فعالية هذا الدور.

Genres: Sociology, Nonfiction, Crime, Science, Psychology, Law, Politics

144 pages, ebook

Published May 7, 2023

About the author

William Henry Timothy Newburn is an academic, specialising in criminology and policing. He was president of the British Society of Criminology from 2005-2008, director of the Mannheim Centre for Criminology from 2003-2008 and is currently head of the Department of Social Policy at the London School of Economics and Political Science.

Reviews

[Sandra · Rating 4 out of 5]

This, a gift, is a bang up-to-date introduction to a subject not previously thought about in any detail. It is extremely well-presented, at a pace and in language which suited my ignorance, and with an authority that managed, each time I came to a point of demanding, "Yes, but, what about ...?" to answer my question. Certainly educated, and broadened my mind.

[Rufus Liverman · Rating 5 out of 5]

Create book great if your studying criminology or looking to, generally good outline of criminology and it really added to my current knowledge of the subject.

[Arno Mosikyan · Rating 4 out of 5]

CITATIONS

But law and morality intersect. In the criminal law a distinction has often been drawn between offences referred to using the Latin term mala in se, being offences considered wrong in themselves, and those referred to as mala prohibita, or offences that are wrong because they are prohibited.

There are approximately 250 million adults in the United States. Like to guess how many, roughly (it is difficult to know with accuracy), have a criminal record? One million? Ten million? No, it is thought that sixty-five million adults in the United States have a criminal record.

One estimate put the total cost of ‘street crime’ victimization—the more usual crimes of violence, burglary, theft, and so on that dominate the criminal courts—in the US at approximately $834 billion, or something similar to the total just cited for occupational theft and employee fraud.

In fact, it is suggested that the total victimization costs of white-collar crime may exceed $1.6 trillion, and that even this ignores the losses resulting from the psychological impact of such crimes.

In short, it seems highly likely that the costs of white-collar crime far exceed those of street crime, and yet they have much less impact on criminal justice and assume far less significance in terms of our anxieties or fears about crime, political debate around crime, or, indeed, criminological attempts to measure the extent of crime.


As we have seen, much research has shown that childhood offending is the best predictor of the pattern of later adult offending, and that the earlier people begin offending the longer their likely criminal career.

[إمبراطور اليشم · Rating 3 out of 5]

كان عندي، قبل بداية قراءة هذا الكتاب، إشكال عظيم قد بدد بعد أن شرعت به. لقد كان السبب الأساسي لشروعي قراءة هذا الكتاب هو شغفي بالعلوم الجنائية، وقد اعتقدت أن علم الجريمة هو علم عملي يناقش آلية وأسلوب ارتكاب الجريمة وكيفية البحث عن الأدلة اللازمة للقبض على المجرم؛ حسنًا، قد اتضح أن معظم اعتقادي كان مغلوطًا. فمع أن علم الجريمة، بالفعل، يدرس الجريمة والسلوك الإجرامي، فهو لا يعنى بتحليل الأدلة وأخيرًا تحديد الجاني. كانت هذه نوعًا ما خيبة أمل. لكنني أحببت أن أكمل المقدمة بما أني قد أكملت شطرًا كبيرًا منها وستكون خسارة التراجع الآن بعد كا ما تعلمته. اكشتفت أيضًا أنني مجرم دون أن أدري، حيث إني كنت ولا زلت أحمل الألعاب بشكل مجاني وأشاهد المسلسلات والأفلام دون دفع دينار واستخدم كثيرًا من المصادر الدراسية المحمية بحقوق الطبع والنشر دون حق؛ حتى مع اكتشافي لهذه الحقيقة فهذا لا يعني أني سأتوقف. إن العراق، حيث أعيش، لا يعاقب على مثل هذه الأفعال السابقة الذكر ولذا لا يوجد سبب أو دليل مقنع للكف عما أفعله.

[Abby Alhadeff · Rating 3 out of 5]

Overall a very good INTRO to criminology, I now feel more prepared on the background of the discipline and going on to study these topics further. It is interesting to see how small part of psychology can tie in, as well as a hugely broad range of additional practices and disciplines - a very holistic field of study. The references section of this book will provide a highly useful resource for further study of criminology - providing sources of some key theories and hypotheses that appear to come up rather frequently when discussing causation and presence of crime in modern societies.

[Adam Kynaston · Rating 4 out of 5]

Very interesting! An honest and apolitical overview of the challenges and contributions of criminology. A few of his findings were particularly enlightening – particularly his discussion about situational crime prevention. I also loved his sections that talk about street crime versus so-called white collar crime and the imbalance between prosecutions of both types. I took lots of notes, left me with lots to think about :-)

[Mina Habib · Rating 3 out of 5]

* الكتاب ده بيتكلم عن علم الجريمة أو الـ criminology، و دي حاجة واضحة جداً من العنوان اللي مافيش أصرح و أوضح منه، و لكن الأهم بقى يعني إيه علم جريمة، بيدرس إيه و بيتكلم عن إيه، هي دي الأسئلة المهمة. فلو متخيل إنك هتدخل تلاقي شوية جرائم "روشة" و غيرت تاريخ الإجرام في العالم، فمش ده اللي الكاتب بيقدمه.

* الكتاب بيقول إن علم الجريمة مهتم بدراسة الجريمة ككل، كشيء على بعضه، و بيحاول يراقب ويعرف أسباب زيادتها و نقصانها، و الأهم إنه بيحاول يوجد طرق و وسائل علشان يقللها ويقضي عليها. من أهم الملاحظات اللي اتقالت في بداية الكتاب خالص إن علم الجريمة ممكن يتم اعتباره كموضوع أو topic أو حتى تخصص فرعي، ولكن علم قائم بذاته لاء، وده لأن دراسة الجريمة بتحتاج لعلم الإجتماع و علم النفس و شوية اقتصاد و سياسة، وبالتالي ممكن ناس من دارسي هذه المجالات يتخصصوا في دراسة الجريمة من المنظور بتاعهم و بكده يبقوا خبراء جريمة.

* الكتاب كمان بيقول إن علم الجريمة في الأول والآخر بيقوم بشكل ما على التوقع و وجهة النظر، يعني مثلاً في الخمسينات والسيتنات،بعد الحرب العالمية، كان متوقع إن معدلات الجريمة تقل بشكل ملحوظ و لكن الحقيقة إنها زادت بشكل ملحوظ و ده خلى كل توقعاتهم غلط بس في الوقت نفسه خلاهم يحاولوا يدرسوا الموضوع و يبصوا له من منظور مختلف في محاولة لأنهم يلاقوا سبب منطقي للحصل ده. و من مواقف و أوقات زي دي ظهرت الاتجاهات و المدارس المختلفة لعلم الجريمة.

* من أهم المعلومات اللي في الكتاب إن مش دائماً زيادة عناصر الأمن و الشرطة بتعني تقليل معدلات الجرائم. و مش زيادة الصرف على الأمن بس هي اللي هتخلي الجريمة تختفي، ولكن في الوقت نفسه مش التركيز علي فكرة التربية و التعليم فقط هما كمان اللي هيخلوا مافيش جريمة، و حتى التركيز علي العقاب و المؤسسات العقابية مش هو الحل لأن المؤسسات دي ممكن تتحول لمكان لتفريخ المجرمين. و لكن قد يكون الحل المناسب هو خليط من كل العناصر السابقة.

[Peter · Rating 3 out of 5]

The British Criminologist Tim Newburn published Criminology: A Very Short Introduction in 2018. The first chapter defines the field of criminology. The second is to define the concept of crime. The third chapter looks at the demographics of crime. The fourth chapter looks at issues around measuring crime. The fifth chapter examines trends in crime between the 1960s and the early 21st century in 4 countries. Those five countries are the United States, Canada, Australia, England, and Wales (Newburn 52). The sixth chapter discusses the different theories on why violent crime has fallen in the five countries listed above, plus New Zealand, between the early 1990s and 2011. The same trend was seen in Finland, France, and the Netherlands (Newburn 64). Chapter 7 is on different theories on how societies control crime. Chapter 8 is on theories on how crime can be prevented. Chapter 9 is on some of Newburn’s thoughts on where the field of criminology is headed in the future and on the limitations of Newburn’s short introduction to criminology (Newburn 120). The book has graphs and charts. The book has a section entitled “References and further reading” (Newburn 123-134). I learned a significant amount from Newburn’s book. I read the book on my Kindle. The book is a thoughtful introduction to the field of criminology.

[إيمان محمودي · Rating 5 out of 5]

💠 كتابنا اليوم (علم الجريمة) مقدّمة قصيرة جداً للكاتب تيم نيوبرن.

يقدم لنا الكاتب خلاصة علم الجريمة بأسلوب بسيط وواضح وموجه للقارئ العام أو المبتدئ في هذا المجال.
ويطرح أسئلة الجوهرية في هذا العلم، ما الجريمة؟ ومن يرتكب الجرائم ولماذا؟ وكيف نقيس الجريمة؟ ودور الشرطة والنظام القضائي في هذا العلم.
ويفرد فصلاً لدور الإعلام في تشكيل صورة المجرم، وتأثير الأخبار والأفلام على الخوف العام من الجريمة.

ويتناول الكاتب النظريات الكلاسيكية والسلوكية والاجتماعية لتفسير السلوك الإجرامي منها:
المدرسة الكلاسيكية (الاختيار والعقاب).
المدرسة الوضعية (العوامل البيولوجية والنفسية).
النظريات الاجتماعية (البيئة، الفقر، التهميش).

ويختتم الحديث عن اتجاهات جديدة من الجريمة مثل الجرائم الإلكترونية، والعولمة، والعدالة التصالحية، والتحديات الأخلاقية للسياسات العقابية.

الكتاب أسلوبه بسيط ومناسب للقارئ غير المتخصص ومتوازن لا يكتفي بالنظريات، بل يعرض تطبيقاتها الواقعية.و ناقد أيضا حيث يطرح أسئلة مفتوحة بدل الإجابات الجاهزة، مما يشجع على التفكير.

كتاب أنصح بقرائته واعتبره أفضل مدخل مبسط لفهم ماهية الجريمة ولماذا تختلف النظرة إليها من مجتمع لآخر.

تقييمي 10/10
قراءة ممتعة
إيمان محمودي

[Chelsea Zhao · Rating 5 out of 5]

Excellent work and clear expression of ideas including several synthesized analysis of crime origins. Interests in couple high-profile court cases inspired me to pick up this book for a preliminary look at criminology. I was not disappointed. The author addressed origins of criminology, how crimes are defined by harms (physical, monetary, impact), their types (crime of passion, of opportunity, etc).

I especially appreciate the explorative and clear way in which the author addressed complex topics, including his detailing and criticism of SCP (situational crime prevention - displacing the offenders to reduce crime). Newburn exemplified majority and marginal crimes alike, i.e. abortion, murder, white collar crimes, theft, and historical preventative measures.

[Danny Lee · Rating 4 out of 5]

Very good overview of the overall topic. It is well organized and easy to understand. It also brings up many different topics that are relevant and makes us feel like that it’s up-to-date. I’ve had basic understandings of what criminology is, but this book enriched my understanding further.

[Faras_bookclub · Rating 4 out of 5]

This was really well written and clear! I felt like I actually learned quite a lot about the field of criminology and some of the different theories/views about crime, crime statistics, how it evolved, prevention techniques. I really enjoyed reading this. It actually is a short introduction into criminology and a perfect stepping stone to learn more.

[Ranim Kasem · Rating 2 out of 5]

كتاب غير شيق وغير ممتع وكلامه مطبق على مجتمعات بعيدة كل البعد عن مجتمعاتنا فالرادع الديني مثلًا قد يشكل جزء كبير ومهم لمنع الجريمة ولكن في كتب كهذا بالطبع لا تطرح أفكار. شبيهة ومناسبة لمجتمعاتنا لذا الكتاب سيء بالنسبة لي ولم أستفد منه أبدًا ولا حتى كثقافة عامّة

[Mark Speers · Rating 5 out of 5]

An exceptional example of the VSI series. If useful information was affected by the higgs field, (higgs boson) this book would be immovable.

[Marli Candra · Rating 5 out of 5]

fantastic book and illuminating

[Jagoda · Rating 3 out of 5]

3.5

[chebet · Rating 3 out of 5]

It's very informative fs !

[hebbah · Rating 5 out of 5]

thank you for helping me chose my degree

[Nicole Melo · Rating 4 out of 5]

I'm trying to log my books again and write lengthy reviews for my forgetfulness. I will be writing a very messy review that will not entirely make too much sense but that's fine for now. I'll get better. Also I will be referring to this book as "The book" because I don't feel like writing the title over and over.

In an era of Netflix True Crime docs and podcasts titled "My Favorite Murder," the morbid fascination with crime continues to rise. This book does not fit into any incredibly fascinating crime trope, but instead informs and analyzes the definition of crime with the usage of many studies and data. Very academic. By removing the line society likes to draw between 'normal people' and 'criminals', Newman allows for the analysis of crime and crime prevention in a more personal way.

The book opens with the basis of crime: business. Profitable not only to the criminal. I liked the observation Newman makes on how whoever made locks is only as successful as he is because of criminals.

The book overviews how we deal with crime, the many discrepancies in every type of method, and the consequences of each as well. For example, he criticizes prison systems due to the lack of crime dissertation after being released. This is shown in an unbelievable chart in the book (It's full of charts which kinda rocks! Yay visual learners).

Not only does the book criticize, but it also offers solutions. Another example: Presenting the reader with the success of the Price Program in schools: a program created for crime prevention in youths, studied by comparing children who had been in the program vs those who hadn't, and their overall well-being and 'success' in life. As well as reinforcing the importance of social bonds and even glorifying societal expectations. The more social bonds a person tends to have, the less likely they are to commit most crimes.

Realizations that came from reading this book + living in a third world country: The need for data is extremely necessary to make comparisons of our past. To know true improvement is to have the data to back it up. Realizing this by the lack of data Newman laments from developed countries such as the US, the UK and Australia (which is where most of the data in this book come from) is concerning to third world countries. We barely have any data! Won't go into this too much as it will 100% turn into a rant on the Dominican govt. investment in education and I just can't be giving all that hot talk for free. Still, it saddens me that countries like my own could benefit greatly from reforming crime punishment and establishing properly researched and studied crime prevention measures.

Something else I learned: The first time I've ever heard of 'Victimization Surveys': A survey made to citizens periodically on crime that has personally occurred to them, in order to compare to police reports and other sources and have a more general outlook on criminal activity. If my country were ever to implement these...we would never know the results because they'd be fucking mortifying. Like yay to data collection, but Do I Wanna Know?

In conclusion to this very messy review: It's important–as the book keeps reminding the reader of– to understand that no rule applies to all kinds of crime. This is why it's important to study crime in all its variants, from criminal to crime. Generalizing crime–and criminals continues to be an issue in the policies we create to fight crime. There is no one solution, there is no one certain type of person who will surely be a criminal. The loss of the latter delusion, along with its academic support to debunk any type of certainty anyone might think they have on crime, is what makes this book ameisin.

Anyways, a list of things I think the book lacked:
- A more global perspective (forgiven, however, because I believe the focus on few countries allowed for a better observation on solutions and certain studies)
- Liked the usage of real-life examples to explain the impact of certain policing / crime-preventing policies, felt could've been used more for other subjects.
- I swear I had this list thought out but I forgot everything. Feels good to review again, huh

Thank you for reading! (If you did read the whole thing, I swear I'm a more eloquent speaker)