In 1644, the Manchus, a relatively unknown people inhabiting China’s rude northeastern frontier, overthrew the Ming, Asia’s mightiest rulers, and established the Qing dynasty, which endured to 1912. From this event arises one of Chinese history’s great How did a barely literate alien people manage to remain in power for nearly 300 years over a highly cultured population that was vastly superior in number? This problem has fascinated scholars for almost a century, but until now no one has approached the question from the Manchu point of view. This book, the first in any language to be based mainly on Manchu documents, supplies a radically new perspective on the formative period of the modern Chinese nation. Drawing on recent critical notions of ethnicity, the author explores the evolution of the “Eight Banners,” a unique Manchu system of social and military organization that was instrumental in the conquest of the Ming. The author argues that as rulers of China the Manchu conquerors had to behave like Confucian monarchs, but that as a non-Han minority they faced other, more complex considerations as well. Their power derived not only from the acceptance of orthodox Chinese notions of legitimacy, but also, the author suggests, from Manchu “ethnic sovereignty,” which depended on the sustained coherence of the conquerors. When, in the early 1700s, this coherence was threatened by rapid acculturation and the prospective loss of Manchu distinctiveness, the Qing court, always insecure, desperately urged its minions to uphold the traditions of an idealized “Manchu Way.” However, the author shows that it was not this appeal but rather the articulation of a broader identity grounded in the realities of Eight Banner life that succeeded in preserving Manchu ethnicity, and the Qing dynasty along with it, into the twentieth century.
A study of the practices of the Qing dynasty with regard to the Manchus, as conquerors, and the Han whom they ruled. Not that it was ever that simple. There were Mongols in the Eight Banners system all along, and Chinese bannermen were only briefly dispensed with. (Someone had to wrangle the artillery.)
A subject matter that includes the eight banners that Manchus (and some others) were classified and the larger but subordinate purely Han Green Standard, the importance of hunts, the strength of a bow that a soldier should be able to pull, the less formal communications between Manchu officials and emperors (sometimes with the emperor going so far as to refer to "us" -- shocking for a Chinese emperor), the walled garrisons where Manchu bannermen lived and which were, in theory, only temporary postings for people whose true home was Beijing (causing much conflict about where people should be buried for proper rites), and more
As with too many books by academics, this is actually a monograph that was needlessly extended by 200 pages. The main points of the author are that the Eight Banners were an integral identifier and institutional bulwark for defining the Manchus, that the definition of "Manchuness" changed over time, and that typical identifiers for ethnicity (such as a separate language, defined homeland, and distinct cultural practices) might not apply to the Manchus.
However, this book tends to the repetitive with the consequence that a hopeful start does not yield to substantial discoveries in subsequent pages. At the end, the reader is left with the distinct feeling that precious little additional light has been cast on the history of the Manchus during the Qing Dynasty. In addition, the extra pages reveal a wooden prose and a tendency to mistake opaque writing for insightful observations. For the best writing in the book, you should look through the notes at its end.
All of this is rather unfortunate as the history of the Manchus is an interesting topic in its own right, and the author's use of Manchu-language archival material must be lauded.
Who were the Manchu, and how did this obscure frontier tribe take control of and govern a country (from 1644-1912) with a population three hundred times their own? This is the first academic treatment written from the perspectice of the Manchu themselves, and the first work in English to draw extensively from Manchu-language original sources. Outstanding.
The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. By Mark C. Elliott. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2001. xxiii, 580pp.
In this book, Mark Elliot aims to address two weak points in the scholarly literature on Qing Dynasty China (1644-1912)--the under-utilization of a vast amount of documents in the Manchu language, and the cursory treatment of the Qing's most distinctive institution: the Eight Banners.
A system arising out of the Manchu conquest of China, the banners sought to organize the dynasty's military forces and preserve their elite status. Elliot describes this process in a thorough and detailed way, and many of the topics he discusses are frankly fascinating. For example, he enters the debate on whether a Qing occupation of Chinese cities was premeditated or ad hoc, thus immersing the reader in the creation of walled enclaves of hereditary soldiers and the complex social tensions that resulted. Readers will especially enjoy his quotes pulled from imperial correspondence between the Qing Emperor and his Manchu bannermen, which gives an intimate (and sometimes hilariously acerbic) view into the administration of the empire.
He also handles economic aspects of the Eight Banners system in a way which is both meaningful and accessible--casual readers can skim the tables on military expenditure, but specialists will appreciate the care he takes with estimates and his awareness of limitations in our sources.
The most distinguishing feature of Elliot's approach, however, is his insistence on ethnicity as the defining characteristic of Qing rule and the function of the Eight Banners. He develops a comparative concept of 'ethnic sovereignty' to explain why minority Manchu rule over a vast Han Chinese population took the shape it did, and examines how the Eight Banners served this aim. As an institution, it was supposed to uphold the major values of the 'Manchu Way,' such as archery, equestrian skills, and simple living. He argues that even when acculturation meant that most Manchus no longer adhered to these ideals, the institutional privileges and distinctive patterns of life in the banners preserved a sense of Manchu otherness, of ethnic difference, that is essential to understanding the Qing period.
Unlike other reviewers, I don't think this book was too long or repetitive, but I do wish that it's comparisons were less cursory and more diverse (the Norman conquest elite may have functioned similarly to the Qing, but surely the Mughal Empire did too, and is more comparable in wealth and scope?) But this is a small complaint, and I would recommend this book to anyone who wants to know more about the Qing, about Chinese empires in comparative perspective, or about how ethnicity can be investigated by historians outside the modern context.
This book has a lot of quotes from period sources and is filled with excellent detail describing the lives of the Manchus in Qing China and their attempts (both successful and not) at retaining a separate ethnic identity and governing a country as a small, alien minority. Fascinating.
As an author interested in learning about other cultures, and as a person who rarely reads history texts, I found this both engaging and highly readable.