The border between the U.S. state of Texas and the Mexican states of Tamaulipas, Nuevo León, Coahuila, and Chihuahua is a culturally rich and fascinating place. Two great nations meet along that border, in the context of an often-difficult shared history. I have thought about the history and culture of the border region at the border crossings I have visited – Brownsville/Matamoros, Progreso/Nuevo Progreso, Laredo/Nuevo Laredo, and El Paso/Ciudad Juárez – and my interest in the region has been renewed by my reading of Gloria Anzaldúa’s 1987 book Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza.
Anzaldúa was originally from Harlingen, Texas, and in the first section of Borderlands/La Frontera, which is titled “Atravesando Fronteras/Crossing Borders,” she provides a narrative and essayistic look at the different factors from her life that nourished her writing and scholarship. As a Mexican American raised on the U.S. side of the border, she describes facing discrimination from Anglo-Americans in Texas, and from Mexicans of Mexico who felt that, as a Mexican American, she was somehow not as “pure” in her Mexican identity as they were. She describes the challenges of reconciling her pride in Mexico’s pre-Christian religious and cultural past with the devout Catholicism of present-day Mexico. And, as a member of the LGBTQ+ community, she knows that her sexual orientation puts her at odds with the strongly traditionalist gender norms and expectations of Mexico’s patriarchal society. All these factors seem to have nourished her interest in the idea of borders generally.
In one chapter that is titled “La herencia de Coatlicue/The Coatlicue State,” Anzaldúa invokes the Aztec mother goddess Coatlicue who gave birth to the sun, the moon, and the stars. She connects Coatlicue and other Aztec deities with the Virgin of Guadalupe, “the single most potent religious, political, and cultural image of the Chicano/mexicano” (p. 30), stating, in reflections that sometimes sound rather like the work of U.S. Transcendentalists like Emerson and Thoreau, that
I’ve always been aware that there is a greater power than the conscious I. That power is my inner self, the entity that is the sum total of all my reincarnations, the godwoman in me I call Antigua, mi Diosa, the divine within, Coatlicue-Cihuacoatl-Tlazolteotl-Tonantzin-Coatlalopeuh-Guadalupe – they are one. When to bow down to Her and when to allow the limited conscious mind to take over – that is the problem. (p. 50)
I have visited the great cathedral at Guadalupe where the Virgin Mary is said to have appeared to an Indigenous Mexican farmer named Juan Diego in 1531. I have seen the sacred image behind the altar (one can view it from a moving walkway behind the altar, even while Masses are in progress). Perhaps I am drawn to this book because of my memories of visiting Guadalupe; perhaps it is that I am posting this review on the Day of the Virgin of Guadalupe, a national holiday in Mexico. But whatever the case may be, I found this part of Anzaldúa’s book particularly bold.
After all, linking La Virgen de Guadalupe with motherhood goddesses like Coatlicue, Tonantzin and Cihuacoatl might not be all that surprising. But associating her with Tlazolteotl, the Aztec goddess of sex, desire, and lust? No doubt that raised some eyebrows on both sides of the border. Anzaldúa is certainly fearless in setting forth her non-traditional outlook on her society.
The second half of Borderlands/La Frontera is titled Un Agitato Viento/Ehécatl, The Wind,” and it provides a variety of poems and passages of short fiction that re-emphasize the ideas of the autobiography, essays, and nonfiction of the first section.
One work from this section of the book that stood out for me was “Cervicide,” a short story about a young girl named Prieta. The story focuses on Prieta’s love for “La venadita”, or “The small fawn” that she and her family found the day it was born, after its mother had been shot by a hunter. Prieta has raised the fawn, with deep love, ever since; but a crisis unfolds when a game warden, with his hounds, closes in on the house. It is illegal, under Texas law, to keep a deer in one’s household, and the narrator faces the prospect of having to kill her beloved pet; otherwise, she is told, “The game warden would put su papí en la cárcel” (p. 104). The story gains power from its concision – little details like the way the narrator describes how “The game warden, straining on the leashes, les dio un tirón, sacó los perros” [“gave them a yank, pulled the dogs away”] (p. 105).
I particularly liked the moments in Borderlands/La Frontera when Spanish prose, or particularly Anzaldúa’s Spanish poetry, was presented untranslated. For instance, Section IV of the book, “Cihuatlyotl, Woman Alone,” began with this poem by Anzaldúa:
Yo llamo a mujer,
canto por mujer,
cubierta con serpientes vengo yo,
al lugar del encuentro me acerco,
repito conjuros para provocar amor.
Clamo por mujer.
Ya llego, llamo. (p. 153)
At first, I simply enjoyed the sheer musicality of Anzaldúa’s poetry, without worrying too much about what some of the specifics meant. After a time, though, I found myself curious to know what it all meant, and then I came up with this translation:
I call to woman,
I sing for woman,
covered with snakes I come,
I approach the meeting place,
I repeat spells to provoke love.
I cry for woman.
I'm here, I call.
At other times, Anzaldúa helpfully provides a translation in English directly after a poem in Spanish, as with the poem that concludes Borderlands/La Frontera: “No se raje, Chicanita” (“Don’t Give in, Chicanita”). Writing directly to Missy Anzaldúa (a daughter?), the speaker invokes the centuries of her people’s time in the Rio Grande Valley, the heritage of dispossession by Anglo-Texans, and then invokes a kind of grito, a cry of resistance:
Pero nunca nos quitarán ese orgullo
de ser mexicana-Chicana-tejana
ni el espíritu indio.
Y cuando los gringos se acaban –
mira como se matan unos a los otros –
aquí vamos a paracer
con los horned toads y los lagartijos
survivors del First Fire Age, el Quinto Sol.
"But they will never take that pride
of being Mexicana-Chicana-tejana
nor our Indian woman’s spirit.
And when the Gringos are gone –
see how they kill one another –
here we’ll still be like the horned toad and the lizard
relics of an earlier age
survivors of the First Fire Age -- el Quinto Sol." (pp. 200, 202)
I found Anzaldúa’s poetry to be excellent in English, and to be even better in Spanish.
The spirit of “La Raza se levantará” (“La Raza will rise up”) is evident throughout this thought-provoking book. Anzaldúa closes the collection by writing, “Como víbora relampagueando nos moveremos, mujercita. ¡Ya verás!” (“Like serpent lightning we’ll move, little woman./You’ll see!”) (pp. 201, 203). One feels Anzaldúa’s spirit of determination on every page of Borderlands/La Frontera.