One stunning moment that this book produced was when I looked into the author Chester Himes. Laferriere's protagonist pounds out his work on a Remington22 that purportedly belonged to Chester Himes.
When I looked him up, I read this little story that choked me up,
"A tragedy took place that would profoundly shape Himes's view of race relations. He had misbehaved and his mother made him sit out a gunpowder demonstration that he and his brother, Joseph Jr., were supposed to conduct during a school assembly. Working alone, Joseph mixed the chemicals; they exploded in his face. Rushed to the nearest hospital, the blinded boy was refused treatment. "That one moment in my life hurt me as much as all the others put together," Himes wrote in The Quality of Hurt.
"I loved my brother. I had never been separated from him and that moment was shocking, shattering, and terrifying....We pulled into the emergency entrance of a white people's hospital. White clad doctors and attendants appeared. I remember sitting in the back seat with Joe watching the pantomime being enacted in the car's bright lights. A white man was refusing; my father was pleading. Dejectedly my father turned away; he was crying like a baby. My mother was fumbling in her handbag for a handkerchief; I hoped it was for a pistol.""
"I hoped it was for a pistol."
...wow.
Seminar presentation
September 2011
Jana Evans Braziel suggests that within How to Make Love to a Negro Without Getting Tired, Dany Laferriere’s “representations of the negro enter into stereotype in order to parody, hyperbolize, and pervert them by nomadically taking flight from within them” (Braziel 871). My discussion of Laferriere concerns itself with what is standing as the central concern of these stories: confronting the stereotypical myths about black male hyper-sexuality and the construction of the sexually rapacious black masculinity as a black masculine type.
Reading Laferriere’s texts alongside, and in conversation with other texts and theorizations of black masculinity and black male sexuality so as to understand the way that Laferriere is reframing the constructions of racialized sexuality at the level of the sub-text. I contend that Laferriere’s stories, while satirical and exaggerated to the point of hilarity, are in reality deeply political. I argue that Laferriere’s sub-textual engagement with African American writers, artists and musicians (and not the protagonist’s relations with white women) make up the political heartbeat of this text.
Who is Laferriere in bed?
Argument:
Laferriere’s literary engagement and conversation with black men (James Baldwin, Miles Davis, Chester Himes, Richard Wright, and more obliquely (but also more profoundly) Frantz Fanon among others, and black women (Ella Fitzgerald, Billie Holiday, Toni Morrison, and Bessie Smith) is at the political centre of his text.
- How to Make Love to a Negro Without Getting Tired (as well as the metanarrative Black Cruiser’s Paradise) draw on a long history of racial violence against black men depicted at sexual predators.
1. Lynchings and Rape:
3 quotes: p. 86, 87, 41-2.
Unpack these three quotes:
First set up a rudimentary timeline based on the theme (write out on board):
- Ida B. Wells:
o Documented lynching in the US
o Asked why are blacks lynched? (failing to pay debts, not appearing to give way to whites, competing with whites economically, being drunk in public)
o Pioneer of anti-lynching campaigns
o Article: “Southern Horrors: Lynch Laws in All It’s Phases” (1892) includes mentioning the fear that white women are sexually at risk of attacks by black men
• Having examined many accounts of lynching based on alleged "rape of white women," she concluded that Southerners concocted rape as an excuse to hide their real reason for lynchings: black economic progress, which threatened not only white Southerners' pocketbooks, but also their ideas about black inferiority.
• Under sub-heading: Self Help in “Southern Horrors”: “The lesson this teaches and which every Afro-American should ponder well, is that a Winchester rifle should have a place of honor in every black home, and it should be used for that protection which the law refuses to give. When the white man who is always the aggressor knows he runs as great a risk of biting the dust every time his Afro-American victim does, he will have greater respect for Afro-American life. The more the Afro-American yields and cringes and begs, the more he has to do so, the more he is insulted, outraged and lynched.”
o Pamphlet “The Red Record” or “The Red Summer” (1919)
• Just prior to the writing of “The Red Record,” 10,000 protest lynching and racial injustices down NYC’s 5th Avenue. The outcome of which: 36 lynched.
• One step forward 36 steps back
• Around this time W.E.B. DuBois organizes the first Pan-African Congress, race riots break out across the country
• One more step forward: 83 steps back
• Wells chronicles the lynching of 83 African Americans that occurs in a single summer, the summer of 1919.
- The black Motown song about a lynching in St. Louis
o I couldn’t find the direct reference for which Motown song Laferriere is speaking of, but I found the lynching
o 1894 Lynching of John Buckner who was charged with sexually assaulting two black women and a white woman
- Richard “Dick” Wright
o “Between Me and the World” (1935)
• tarring and feathering poem
• written from the midst of a lynching
• part of a legacy of protest art
o Native Son (1940)
• Bigger Thomas
• Rape and Murder of a white woman
o 12 Million Black Voices (1941)
• 90 photographs from the Security Farm Administration compiled during the Great Depression with text by Wright
• representations of black poverty and origins of black oppression
- Billie Holiday
o “Strange Fruit” (first recorded in 1939)
• play recording
• image that inspired the initial poet a the lynching of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith (1930)
- Chester B. Himes
o If He Hollers Let Him Go (1945)
• Chester Hime’s figures prominently in the text by means of the “Remington 22” typewriter
• P. 51-2 (additional references to Himes: 51 chapter title, 61, 87, 100, 102)
• So what does this choice signify?
• African American author who fled the racism and criminalization of black men in the US, lived and wrote in France, then Spain
• Most famous novel evokes old nursery rhyme (eeny, meeny, miney, mo…) – violence captured even in a children’s rhyme
• Story of Bob Jones educated black man working at a docking shipyard as a manager, fights back the urges to fight, to kill and to rape as ways to overcome the power that ‘colour’ has over him
• Constantly has violent thoughts against the violent and abusive treatment of white people but never acts on them
• Co-worker Madge expresses sexual attraction towards him and proclaims, “Rape me!” He wants to rape her as a reaction against “whiteness” but doesn’t carry through in disgust
• Imprisoned after accused and wrongly convicted of raping a white woman
- Frantz Fanon
o Black Skin, White Masks (1952)
• Will deal with Fanon extensively later in the discussion
- James Baldwin
o Going to Meet the Man (1965), with special focus on the title story
• Sexually flaccid despite wanting to have sex with his wife
• White Sheriff recalls attending a lynching as a child
• Genitals cut off
• Aroused, tells wife he’s going to have sex “like a black man” (with implications on rough sex)
How to Make Love to a Negro… is not a guide for literally “how to make love to a black man,” but rather points to the ways in which black masculinity and sexuality are already framed by a racialized sexual history that literally traps and threatens black masculinity.
2. Lynching as Sexual REVENGE: Re-reading Fanon through Laferriere
Laferriere takes up the mantle of Fanon and forces his American readers to confront their own complicity in the framings of black masculinity – though in radically different textual ways from Fanon’s overtly political arguments; Laferriere’s more subtle textual unravellings are, though, no less political. Both Fanon and later Laferriere assert that white masculine anxieties about black masculinity are at root a perceived sense of sexual inferiority in which the black phallus comes to signify what Laferriere chapter title refers to as “The Black Penis and the Demoralization of the Western World” (119). This is a reference to Fanon’s conception of the demoralization of white masculine heteronormativity and symbolic threats to white masculine power.
Fanon:
- (Fanon 137)
- This sense of sexual inferiority and the subsequent violence towards the black male body is motivated by what Fanon defines as “sexual revenge” (137).
- Fanon figures lynching as a form of sexual revenge. The body of the black man is not merely violated, but sexually violated by a white man: The Negro is castrated.
- (Fanon 140)
Laferriere:
- In the chapter mentioned above, the protagonist is speaking with a white woman in a Montreal bar. The white woman asks what the protagonist thinks of the dance floor, he replies: “Nothing except that black and white are accomplices” (93). She asks, “Where’s the murder?” To which the protagonist replies, “Sexually, the white man is dead. Completely demoralized” (93), and ends the conversation with the comment, “When you mix black man and white woman you get blood red” (94).
Fanon:
Chapter 5 “The Lived Experience of the Black Man:
- the chapter opens by describing a fragmentation process where, under the scrutiny of the white man’s eyes, the black man feels himself to be nothing, nothingness, the negation of whiteness. A young girl calls out:
o Fanon 91
o Confronted by these voices, the black man, according to Fanon experiences further fragmentation.
Laferriere:
- reiterates Fanonian concerns:
o Laferriere echoes Fanon’s passage in the novel: “Look, Mamma, says the Young White Girl, look at the Cut Negro. A good Negro, her father answers, is a Negro with no balls” (17).
Laferriere’s echoes of Fanon underscore the violence of the gaze as both racialized and sexualized: the black man who is regarded first by the white child and later by her mother, then father is sexually violated in this visual framing of his body: the father’s eyes, or the white man’s eyes, regard the black man in sexual - “A good Negro is a Negro with no balls.”
- Laferriere is picking up on another passage in Fanon
- Fanon 135
- The anxiety at its base, Fanon concludes (and Laferriere echoes) is a desire to dominate black male bodies. It is about white masculine anxiety about sexuality, sexual reproduction, and the domination of both black bodies (castration) and white female bodies (interracial sexuality). What Fanon and Laferriere are both talkinga about is a prohibition against miscegation, or the fear of interracial sexuality and their potential children.
3. Miscegenation
Fanon:
- Fanon mimics the white masculine voice: “Our women are mobbed by the Negroes. For the Negro has a hallucinating sexual power. That’s the right word for it, wince this power has to be hallucinating” (136).
- Why? The fear of the sexual potency of the black man.
- (Fanon 143,144)
Laferriere:
- White females sublimated desires for black males: (Laferriere 18) – fucking black is fucking exotic…
- Desire is entangled with fear (Laferriere 62-3)
- Parody of voices afraid of black masculinity and black sexuality (Laferriere 63).
4. The Dawn
The last chapter of Laferriere’s novel is suggestively entitled, “You Are Not Born Black, You Get That Way” a title that echoes and evokes Simone de Beauvoir’s most famous lines from her feminist treatise and tome, The Second Sex: “One is not born, but rather becomes a woman.” (Simone de Beauvoir) = identity (not as inherent, but rather as constructed), also indirectly alludes to Frantz Fanon’s theorizations of race and racialized identity formation (again: not as biological, but psychocultural) = interracial relations between the black and the white as paralyzed with oppressive social-cultural constructions.
Laferriere’s passage poetically and philosophically parallels the final lines of Fanon’s chapter “The Lived Experience of the Black Man” in which he laments, “All I wanted was to be a man among other men…I wanted to be a man, nothing but a man … My body was given back to me sprawled out, distorted, recoloured, clad in mourning in that white winter day. (113).
- Laferriere: Dawn came up, as always independent of my will. Sweet adolescent dawn. The lances of the sun without their sting. Gentle and cajoling. My novel stares at me from the table, next to the old Remington, in its fat red folder. My novel is a handsome hunk of hope. My only chance. GO. (117).
The strategy of Laferriere: If stereotypes are established through iterating fears over and over until patterns of create a reality, they may also be destabilized through strategic reiteration. Reading Laferriere’s texts alongside, and in conversation with other contemporary theorizations of black masculinity and black male sexuality allows us to understand the sub-textual reframings of racial and racialized erotics, as well as sexual and sexualized constructions of race, that are a part, if not the entire fabric of Laferrier’s sub-textual engagements.