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Unknown Binding
First published January 1, 2015
And yes, “story arc” is an appropriate term here. Significant portions are presented narratively, and even the portions which aren’t broadly follow a kind of plot arc through the return from Babylonian captivity. While there are still a few chapters which are essentially long lists of names, numbers, and genealogies, these are more like asides to the story being recited. Whether or not the story is contemporaneous with the described historical events, or retold and transcribed later, is a major subject of debate amongst biblical scholars and historians. Regardless, it’s generally believed that the order of events presented herein is not quite reflective of how things actually transpired, and there is doubt about the word-for-word authenticity of some of the cited Persian documents.
Personally, given the number of times the Old Testament books have gone through the translation process, the word-for-word authenticity seems somewhat irrelevant. What is far more relevant to me, and probably to many readers of this site, is the appearance of the Persian Empire and some familiar names: Darius, Xerxes, Artaxerxes, etc. Some of them appear under different names, but it’s not your imagination – these are the same Achymeneid Kings of Kings we encounter in Herodotus’ Histories, Xenophon’s Ten Thousand, and other works associated with the Greco-Persian wars, up to and including the eventual defeat of the Achymeneid kings by Alexander the Great. Unlike in Hellenic texts, though, here the Persians are not the enemy. In fact, the Persian kings are depicted as rescuers of the Jewish people from their Babylonian captivity, and Ezra-Nehemiah include multiple letters and other documents, supposedly based on actual writings, in which the Persian rulers support, encourage, and fund the restoration of the Jewish people and the rebuilding of the temple. This is the first time (other than Gilgamesh) I’ve read other works contemporary with this biblical text, and though there is certainly no crosstalk between them, it helps ground the books in history with which I am more familiar.
Not that anything about the Greeks and their conflicts with Persia appears in any allusion of any kind here, which is a good reminder of how large the Achymeneid Persian Empire really was, and how much influence it had in this, arguably its core region (as opposed to the Greek frontier). These books are internally focused on the return from captivity, the rebuilding of the temple, and the genealogical isolation of the Jewish people. If the characters and cultures of Greek texts can seem oddly familiar to us in our modern milieu, these Old Testament books consistently feature at least one major event or theme which comes across as distinctly “of the time,” as to make a modern reader uncomfortable. In this case, that’s what could provocatively be referred to as the genetic cleansing of the Jewish people. Essentially, the Jews decide they must only marry internally, and any extant foreign wives are exiled as part of the process. Not as gruesome or violent as the phrase “genetic cleansing” tends to connote (especially in the context of the Jews), and it’s largely in keeping with general attitudes and mores of the time, but the idea is certainly a bit disconcerting to read today.
The excerpts from the Old Testament which exist in common circulation often give the impression that these events took place in a vacuum, and the relative paucity of extant literature from the time and place help hide it, but this was in reality a confluence of human civilizations, with numerous tribes, peoples, nations, and societies existing in close proximity, bumping into each other and interacting through peace, war, trade, travel, and other exchanges. These books highlight the interactions between Israel/the Jews and their various neighbors, which is always interesting to read. These are much closer to what I expect for historical works of this period and type, closer in tone and approach to the early, Moses books than the recent Chronicles and Kings. I’m glad for the change, and I hope the next book will continue with the more narrative approach.