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Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences, Fourth Edition
Each volume of the HANDBOOKS OF AGING Series represents one of the three main influences on the Handbook of the Biology of Aging, Handbook of the Psychology of Aging , and Handbook of Aging andthe Social Sciences . Each of the Handbooks presents critical comprehensive reviews of research knowledge, theories, concepts, and issues by the foremost scholars in the field. Chapters are selected to portray discrete units of research study, long-standing areas of research, and new developments.
Paperback
First published March 1, 1979
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May 13, 2011from the library
c2006
frrom the library computer
Table of Contents
Contributors xv
Foreword xvii
Preface xix
About the Editors xxiii
Part One Aging and Time
Aging and the Life Course
Richard A. Settersten, Jr.
Why Gerontology Needs the Life Course
3 (5)
Clarifying the Distinctiveness of Old Age
8 (2)
Exploring Connections Between Old Age and Prior Life Periods
10 (3)
The End of Gerontology?
13 (1)
Conclusion
14 (6)
References
16 (4)
Modeling the Effects of Time: Integrating Demographic and Developmental Perspectives
Duane F. Alwin
Scott M. Hofer
Ryan J. McCammon
Conceptions of Time
20 (3)
Population Concepts
23 (1)
Analysis Issues
24 (4)
Modeling the Effects of Time
28 (6)
Conclusions
34 (8)
References
35 (7)
Part Two Aging and Social Structure
Morbidity, Disability, and Mortality
Kenneth C. Land
Yang Yang
Epidemiologic Transition Theory and Recent Trends in Adult Mortality
42 (3)
The Dynamics of Morbidity, Disability, and Mortality
45 (3)
Demographic, Social, and Behavioral Differentials in Morbidity, Disability, and Mortality
48 (6)
Conclusions and Future Research Directions
54 (6)
References
55 (5)
Old Age Through the Lens of Family History
Carole Haber
The Initial Interpretative Phase: Modernization and the Families of the Old
60 (1)
The Second Phase: The Cambridge Group and Its Followers
61 (11)
A Research Agenda
72 (4)
References
73 (3)
Internal and International Migration
Charles F. Longino, Jr.
Don E. Bradley
Internal Migration
76 (8)
Late-Life International Migration
84 (5)
Future Research Priorities
89 (5)
References
89 (5)
Diversity and Aging in the United States
Ronald J. Angel
Jacqueline L. Angel
Population Diversity and the Pact Between the Generations
94 (1)
The Ethnic Age Grading of the Population
95 (2)
Culture and Diversity
97 (1)
Health of the Elderly Minority Population
98 (3)
Income and Wealth: The Sources of Retirement Security
101 (1)
Age at Immigration
102 (1)
Medical Care, Living Arrangements, and Long-Term Care
103 (1)
Conclusion
104 (7)
References
106 (5)
Social Networks and Health
Jennifer L. Moren-Cross
Nan Lin
Social Structure and Health
111 (1)
The Network Approach
112 (3)
Review of Social Network Properties and Health
115 (6)
Conclusions and Directions for Future Research
121 (8)
References
124 (5)
Converging Divergences in Age, Gender, Health, and Well-Being: Strategic Selection in the Third Age
Phyllis Moen
Donna Spencer
Age-and Gender-Graded Role Constellations
129 (2)
The Third Age and Retirement: Institutions and Role Constellations in Flux
131 (3)
Converging Divergences in the Third Age: Consequences of Obsolete Age- and Gender-Graded Constellations
134 (4)
A Converging Divergence?
138 (1)
Summary
139 (7)
References
140 (6)
Stratification and the Life Course: Life Course Capital, Life Course Risks, and Social Inequality
Angela M. O'Rand
Life Course Capital: Evolutionary and Social Origins
146 (2)
Forms of Life Course Capital: A Brief Review
148 (1)
Childhood: The First Life Course Risks in the Development of Life Course Capital
149 (3)
Challenges to Linking Childhood Origins to Adult Outcomes
152 (1)
Life Course Risks After Childhood: Variant Opportunities and Deviant Setbacks
153 (1)
Variant Adult Pathways to Inequality: Patterns of Disadvantage and Advantage
154 (2)
Deviant Setbacks in the Life Course: Criminal Records
156 (1)
Conclusions: The Retrenchment of Equalizing Institutions and Life Course Stratification
157 (9)
References
158 (8)
Part Three Social Factors and Social Institutions
Intergenerational Family Transfers in Social Context
Merril Silverstein
Altruism, Power, and Reciprocity in Family Systems
166 (4)
Public-Private Interfaces
170 (2)
Corporate and Mutual Aid Models
172 (2)
Normative-Moral Perspectives on Transfers
174 (1)
Conclusion
175 (7)
References
176 (6)
Social Relationships in Late Life
Neal Krause
What Are Social Relationships?
182 (1)
Exploring the Genesis of Social Relationships
182 (6)
Social Relationships and Health
188 (5)
Variations by Race
193 (3)
The Current State of Theory on Social Relationships
196 (1)
Conclusions
197 (5)
References
198 (4)
Older Workers
Melissa Hardy
Who Are ``Older'' Workers in Today's Economy?
202 (1)
The Demographic Context of an Aging Labor Force
203 (1)
Age Discrimination in the Workplace
204 (1)
Experiences of Older Workers in the Labor Market
205 (2)
Employment Opportunities for Older Workers
207 (1)
Improving the Fit Between Human Resources and Jobs
208 (1)
Older Worker Policies in Comparative Perspective
209 (5)
Conclusions
214 (6)
References
215 (5)
Economic Status of the Aged
Karen Holden
Charles Hatcher
Income and Asset Status of Older Adults
220 (10)
Measures of Economic Well-Being
230 (4)
Conclusions and Directions for Future Research
234 (4)
References
235 (3)
Health and Aging
Kenneth F. Ferraro
Fifty Years of Research on Health and Aging
238 (3)
Life Course Epidemiology
241 (4)
Health and Illness Behavior
245 (3)
Future Research Directions
248 (2)
Social Forces and Health Across the Life Course
250 (8)
References
250 (8)
Technological Change and Aging
Stephen J. Cutler
Theoretical Perspectives
258 (1)
Overview of Applications
259 (6)
Factors in the Use of Technology by Older Persons
265 (4)
Conclusions
269 (8)
References
270 (7)
Religion and Aging
Ellen Idler
Background
277 (4)
Views of Aging in the World Religions
281 (2)
Religious Involvement and Aging Across the Life Course
283 (3)
Cohort Differences in Religious Involvement
286 (1)
Societal Aging and Its Impact on Religious Institutions
287 (2)
Impact of Religious Involvement on Health in Late Life
289 (4)
Congregation and Clergy Care for Older Adults
293 (1)
Communities of Memory: Ethnographies of Old Age in Religious Communities
294 (1)
Conclusion
295 (8)
References
295 (8)
Lifestyle and Aging
Jon Hendricks
Laurie Russell Hatch
Defining Lifestyle
303 (5)
``Successful Aging'' as Code for Lifestyle
308 (1)
An Agenda to (Re)Unite Structure and Agency as Constitutive of Lifestyle
309 (7)
Conclusion
316 (5)
References
316 (5)
Perceived Quality of Life
Linda K. George
Conceptualizing and Defining Quality of Life
321 (1)
Is Quality of Life an Objective or Subjective Phenomenon?
321 (1)
Is ``Successful Aging'' the Same as Quality of Life?
322 (1)
Is Quality of Life Responsive to Changing Internal and External Circumstances?
322 (1)
Determinants of Subjective Well-Being
323 (1)
Demographic Characteristics
324 (1)
Socioeconomic Status
325 (1)
Health
325 (1)
Activities
325 (1)
Social Integration
326 (1)
Social Ties and Social Support
327 (1)
Psychosocial Mediators of the Determinants of SWB
327 (1)
Sense of Control and Related Constructs
327 (1)
Sense of Meaning
328 (1)
Social Comparisons
328 (1)
Discrepancy Theories
329 (1)
Strategic Investments of Time and Resources
329 (1)
A Cautionary Note
329 (1)
Cross-Cultural Comparisons
330 (1)
Priority Issues for Future Research
331 (8)
References
333 (6)
Part Four Aging and Society
Aging and Politics: An International Perspective
Alan Walker
The New Politics of Aging
339 (3)
The New Macro Politics of Aging
342 (2)
The New Meso and Micro Politics of Aging
344 (2)
Participation in Local Decision Making
346 (1)
Participation in National Decision Making
347 (1)
Gray Power: Reality or Myth?
347 (3)
Barriers to Political Participation and Influence
350 (3)
Prospects for the Politics of Aging: A Research Agenda
353 (7)
References
356 (4)
Economic Security in Retirement: Reshaping the Public-Private Pension Mix
James H. Schulz
Allan Borowski
What Pension Mix?
360 (1)
Pensions in the Twentieth Century: Defined Benefit Plans Dominate
361 (4)
Pensions in the Twenty-First Century: The Rise of Defined Contribution Plans
365 (2)
Problems with Defined Contribution Plans
367 (3)
International Experience with New Pension Mixes
370 (5)
Which Way Reform?
375 (6)
References
377 (4)
Organization and Financing of Health Care
Marilyn Moon
The Creation of Medicare and Medicaid
381 (2)
The Pressures on a Public System
383 (2)
How the Total System Has Evolved Over Time
385 (3)
Issues Surrounding Reliance on the Private Market
388 (3)
Where Medicaid and Medicare Are Today
391 (1)
Where Could We Go with the Organization and Financing of Care?
392 (5)
References
395 (2)
Emerging Issues in Long-Term Care
Robyn I. Stone
Defining Long-Term Care
397 (3)
The Triple Knot of Long-Term Care
400 (8)
Emerging Issues in Long-Term Care
408 (11)
References
414 (5)
Aging and the Law
Marshall B. Kapp
Law as a Social Tool
419 (3)
Law as a Source of Elder Rights
422 (2)
Legal Grounds for Government Interventions
424 (2)
Legal Status of Older Persons
426 (5)
Does the Law Accomplish Its Goals?
431 (1)
Elder Law as a Legal Specialty
432 (1)
Looking to the Future
433 (4)
References
434 (3)
Anti-Aging Medicine and Science: Social Implications
Robert H. Binstock
Jennifer R. Fishman
Thomas E. Johnson
The Contemporary Anti-Aging Movement
437 (4)
Boundary Work: Gerontologists versus Anti-Aging Medicine
441 (2)
Anti-Aging Frontiers in Biogerontology
443 (5)
Issues for Future Research
448 (9)
References
451 (6)
Aging and Justice
Martin Kohli
Age and Generation
457 (2)
Justice: Empirical and Normative Perspectives
459 (5)
Generational Equity: Discourse and Institutions
464 (3)
Generational Equity: The Empirical Record
467 (3)
Attitudes Toward the Public Generational Contract
470 (4)
The Public and the Private Generational Contract
474 (1)
Conclusion
474 (5)
References
475 (4)
Author Index 479 (28)
Subject Index 507
c2006
frrom the library computer
Table of Contents
Contributors xv
Foreword xvii
Preface xix
About the Editors xxiii
Part One Aging and Time
Aging and the Life Course
Richard A. Settersten, Jr.
Why Gerontology Needs the Life Course
3 (5)
Clarifying the Distinctiveness of Old Age
8 (2)
Exploring Connections Between Old Age and Prior Life Periods
10 (3)
The End of Gerontology?
13 (1)
Conclusion
14 (6)
References
16 (4)
Modeling the Effects of Time: Integrating Demographic and Developmental Perspectives
Duane F. Alwin
Scott M. Hofer
Ryan J. McCammon
Conceptions of Time
20 (3)
Population Concepts
23 (1)
Analysis Issues
24 (4)
Modeling the Effects of Time
28 (6)
Conclusions
34 (8)
References
35 (7)
Part Two Aging and Social Structure
Morbidity, Disability, and Mortality
Kenneth C. Land
Yang Yang
Epidemiologic Transition Theory and Recent Trends in Adult Mortality
42 (3)
The Dynamics of Morbidity, Disability, and Mortality
45 (3)
Demographic, Social, and Behavioral Differentials in Morbidity, Disability, and Mortality
48 (6)
Conclusions and Future Research Directions
54 (6)
References
55 (5)
Old Age Through the Lens of Family History
Carole Haber
The Initial Interpretative Phase: Modernization and the Families of the Old
60 (1)
The Second Phase: The Cambridge Group and Its Followers
61 (11)
A Research Agenda
72 (4)
References
73 (3)
Internal and International Migration
Charles F. Longino, Jr.
Don E. Bradley
Internal Migration
76 (8)
Late-Life International Migration
84 (5)
Future Research Priorities
89 (5)
References
89 (5)
Diversity and Aging in the United States
Ronald J. Angel
Jacqueline L. Angel
Population Diversity and the Pact Between the Generations
94 (1)
The Ethnic Age Grading of the Population
95 (2)
Culture and Diversity
97 (1)
Health of the Elderly Minority Population
98 (3)
Income and Wealth: The Sources of Retirement Security
101 (1)
Age at Immigration
102 (1)
Medical Care, Living Arrangements, and Long-Term Care
103 (1)
Conclusion
104 (7)
References
106 (5)
Social Networks and Health
Jennifer L. Moren-Cross
Nan Lin
Social Structure and Health
111 (1)
The Network Approach
112 (3)
Review of Social Network Properties and Health
115 (6)
Conclusions and Directions for Future Research
121 (8)
References
124 (5)
Converging Divergences in Age, Gender, Health, and Well-Being: Strategic Selection in the Third Age
Phyllis Moen
Donna Spencer
Age-and Gender-Graded Role Constellations
129 (2)
The Third Age and Retirement: Institutions and Role Constellations in Flux
131 (3)
Converging Divergences in the Third Age: Consequences of Obsolete Age- and Gender-Graded Constellations
134 (4)
A Converging Divergence?
138 (1)
Summary
139 (7)
References
140 (6)
Stratification and the Life Course: Life Course Capital, Life Course Risks, and Social Inequality
Angela M. O'Rand
Life Course Capital: Evolutionary and Social Origins
146 (2)
Forms of Life Course Capital: A Brief Review
148 (1)
Childhood: The First Life Course Risks in the Development of Life Course Capital
149 (3)
Challenges to Linking Childhood Origins to Adult Outcomes
152 (1)
Life Course Risks After Childhood: Variant Opportunities and Deviant Setbacks
153 (1)
Variant Adult Pathways to Inequality: Patterns of Disadvantage and Advantage
154 (2)
Deviant Setbacks in the Life Course: Criminal Records
156 (1)
Conclusions: The Retrenchment of Equalizing Institutions and Life Course Stratification
157 (9)
References
158 (8)
Part Three Social Factors and Social Institutions
Intergenerational Family Transfers in Social Context
Merril Silverstein
Altruism, Power, and Reciprocity in Family Systems
166 (4)
Public-Private Interfaces
170 (2)
Corporate and Mutual Aid Models
172 (2)
Normative-Moral Perspectives on Transfers
174 (1)
Conclusion
175 (7)
References
176 (6)
Social Relationships in Late Life
Neal Krause
What Are Social Relationships?
182 (1)
Exploring the Genesis of Social Relationships
182 (6)
Social Relationships and Health
188 (5)
Variations by Race
193 (3)
The Current State of Theory on Social Relationships
196 (1)
Conclusions
197 (5)
References
198 (4)
Older Workers
Melissa Hardy
Who Are ``Older'' Workers in Today's Economy?
202 (1)
The Demographic Context of an Aging Labor Force
203 (1)
Age Discrimination in the Workplace
204 (1)
Experiences of Older Workers in the Labor Market
205 (2)
Employment Opportunities for Older Workers
207 (1)
Improving the Fit Between Human Resources and Jobs
208 (1)
Older Worker Policies in Comparative Perspective
209 (5)
Conclusions
214 (6)
References
215 (5)
Economic Status of the Aged
Karen Holden
Charles Hatcher
Income and Asset Status of Older Adults
220 (10)
Measures of Economic Well-Being
230 (4)
Conclusions and Directions for Future Research
234 (4)
References
235 (3)
Health and Aging
Kenneth F. Ferraro
Fifty Years of Research on Health and Aging
238 (3)
Life Course Epidemiology
241 (4)
Health and Illness Behavior
245 (3)
Future Research Directions
248 (2)
Social Forces and Health Across the Life Course
250 (8)
References
250 (8)
Technological Change and Aging
Stephen J. Cutler
Theoretical Perspectives
258 (1)
Overview of Applications
259 (6)
Factors in the Use of Technology by Older Persons
265 (4)
Conclusions
269 (8)
References
270 (7)
Religion and Aging
Ellen Idler
Background
277 (4)
Views of Aging in the World Religions
281 (2)
Religious Involvement and Aging Across the Life Course
283 (3)
Cohort Differences in Religious Involvement
286 (1)
Societal Aging and Its Impact on Religious Institutions
287 (2)
Impact of Religious Involvement on Health in Late Life
289 (4)
Congregation and Clergy Care for Older Adults
293 (1)
Communities of Memory: Ethnographies of Old Age in Religious Communities
294 (1)
Conclusion
295 (8)
References
295 (8)
Lifestyle and Aging
Jon Hendricks
Laurie Russell Hatch
Defining Lifestyle
303 (5)
``Successful Aging'' as Code for Lifestyle
308 (1)
An Agenda to (Re)Unite Structure and Agency as Constitutive of Lifestyle
309 (7)
Conclusion
316 (5)
References
316 (5)
Perceived Quality of Life
Linda K. George
Conceptualizing and Defining Quality of Life
321 (1)
Is Quality of Life an Objective or Subjective Phenomenon?
321 (1)
Is ``Successful Aging'' the Same as Quality of Life?
322 (1)
Is Quality of Life Responsive to Changing Internal and External Circumstances?
322 (1)
Determinants of Subjective Well-Being
323 (1)
Demographic Characteristics
324 (1)
Socioeconomic Status
325 (1)
Health
325 (1)
Activities
325 (1)
Social Integration
326 (1)
Social Ties and Social Support
327 (1)
Psychosocial Mediators of the Determinants of SWB
327 (1)
Sense of Control and Related Constructs
327 (1)
Sense of Meaning
328 (1)
Social Comparisons
328 (1)
Discrepancy Theories
329 (1)
Strategic Investments of Time and Resources
329 (1)
A Cautionary Note
329 (1)
Cross-Cultural Comparisons
330 (1)
Priority Issues for Future Research
331 (8)
References
333 (6)
Part Four Aging and Society
Aging and Politics: An International Perspective
Alan Walker
The New Politics of Aging
339 (3)
The New Macro Politics of Aging
342 (2)
The New Meso and Micro Politics of Aging
344 (2)
Participation in Local Decision Making
346 (1)
Participation in National Decision Making
347 (1)
Gray Power: Reality or Myth?
347 (3)
Barriers to Political Participation and Influence
350 (3)
Prospects for the Politics of Aging: A Research Agenda
353 (7)
References
356 (4)
Economic Security in Retirement: Reshaping the Public-Private Pension Mix
James H. Schulz
Allan Borowski
What Pension Mix?
360 (1)
Pensions in the Twentieth Century: Defined Benefit Plans Dominate
361 (4)
Pensions in the Twenty-First Century: The Rise of Defined Contribution Plans
365 (2)
Problems with Defined Contribution Plans
367 (3)
International Experience with New Pension Mixes
370 (5)
Which Way Reform?
375 (6)
References
377 (4)
Organization and Financing of Health Care
Marilyn Moon
The Creation of Medicare and Medicaid
381 (2)
The Pressures on a Public System
383 (2)
How the Total System Has Evolved Over Time
385 (3)
Issues Surrounding Reliance on the Private Market
388 (3)
Where Medicaid and Medicare Are Today
391 (1)
Where Could We Go with the Organization and Financing of Care?
392 (5)
References
395 (2)
Emerging Issues in Long-Term Care
Robyn I. Stone
Defining Long-Term Care
397 (3)
The Triple Knot of Long-Term Care
400 (8)
Emerging Issues in Long-Term Care
408 (11)
References
414 (5)
Aging and the Law
Marshall B. Kapp
Law as a Social Tool
419 (3)
Law as a Source of Elder Rights
422 (2)
Legal Grounds for Government Interventions
424 (2)
Legal Status of Older Persons
426 (5)
Does the Law Accomplish Its Goals?
431 (1)
Elder Law as a Legal Specialty
432 (1)
Looking to the Future
433 (4)
References
434 (3)
Anti-Aging Medicine and Science: Social Implications
Robert H. Binstock
Jennifer R. Fishman
Thomas E. Johnson
The Contemporary Anti-Aging Movement
437 (4)
Boundary Work: Gerontologists versus Anti-Aging Medicine
441 (2)
Anti-Aging Frontiers in Biogerontology
443 (5)
Issues for Future Research
448 (9)
References
451 (6)
Aging and Justice
Martin Kohli
Age and Generation
457 (2)
Justice: Empirical and Normative Perspectives
459 (5)
Generational Equity: Discourse and Institutions
464 (3)
Generational Equity: The Empirical Record
467 (3)
Attitudes Toward the Public Generational Contract
470 (4)
The Public and the Private Generational Contract
474 (1)
Conclusion
474 (5)
References
475 (4)
Author Index 479 (28)
Subject Index 507
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