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Devil in History: Communism, Fascism, and Some Lessons of the Twentieth Century

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The Devil in History is a provocative analysis of the relationship between communism and fascism. Reflecting the author’s personal experiences within communist totalitarianism, this is a book about political passions, radicalism, utopian ideals, and their catastrophic consequences in the twentieth century’s experiments in social engineering. Vladimir Tismaneanu brilliantly compares communism and fascism as competing, sometimes overlapping, and occasionally strikingly similar systems of political totalitarianism. He examines the inherent ideological appeal of these radical, revolutionary political movements, the visions of salvation and revolution they pursued, the value and types of charisma of leaders within these political movements, the place of violence within these systems, and their legacies in contemporary politics.

The author discusses thinkers who have shaped contemporary understanding of totalitarian movements―people such as Hannah Arendt, Raymond Aron, Isaiah Berlin, Albert Camus, François Furet, Tony Judt, Ian Kershaw, Leszek Kolakowski, Richard Pipes, and Robert C. Tucker. As much a theoretical analysis of the practical philosophies of Marxism-Leninism and Fascism as it is a political biography of particular figures, this book deals with the incarnation of diabolically nihilistic principles of human subjugation and conditioning in the name of presumably pure and purifying goals. Ultimately, the author claims that no ideological commitment, no matter how absorbing, should ever prevail over the sanctity of human life. He comes to the conclusion that no party, movement, or leader holds the right to dictate to the followers to renounce their critical faculties and to embrace a pseudo-miraculous, a mystically self-centered, delusional vision of mandatory happiness.

334 pages, Hardcover

First published January 1, 2012

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About the author

Vladimir Tismăneanu

62 books55 followers
Vladimir Tismăneanu is a Romanian and American political scientist, political analyst, sociologist, and professor at the University of Maryland, College Park. A specialist in political systems and comparative politics, he is director of the University of Maryland's Center for the Study of Post-Communist Societies, having served as chairman of the editorial committee (2004–2008) and editor (1998–2004) of the East European Politics and Societies academic review. Over the years, Tismăneanu has been a contributor to several periodicals, including Studia Politica, Journal of Democracy, Sfera Politicii, Revista 22, Evenimentul Zilei, Idei în Dialog and Cotidianul. He has also worked with the international radio stations Radio Free Europe and Deutsche Welle, and authored programs for the Romanian Television Company. As of 2009, he is Academic Council Chairman of the Institute for People's Studies, a think tank of the Romanian Democratic Liberal Party. Between February 2010 and May 2012, he was also President of the Scientific Council of the Institute for the Investigation of Communist Crimes in Romania.

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Displaying 1 - 14 of 14 reviews
76 reviews1 follower
September 6, 2020
This is one of the best and most informative books I have ever read. I picked it up on a whim at a used bookstore and it was worth every penny.

I was reading it as part of a research project and I would dog-ear the pages that I wanted to utilize, nearly half of the pages are now dog-eared

I only have two criticisms. The title seemed to imply it was more of a direct comparison between communism and fascism, that was present but was mainly focused on communism. Which is great! But not quite what I expected.

My only other criticism is that the author frequently uses the terms far right and far left without really defining his terms. Despite the similarities between fascism and communism that he himself points out, he still insists on putting them on opposite ends

Overall, a wonderfully informative book.
Profile Image for Juliana Petito.
175 reviews7 followers
July 6, 2025
Trata-se de um livro bastante denso, que requer atenção e pesquisa durante sua leitura (Google e dicionários à mão!). Rico em fatos e com terminologias bastante complexas, a leitura não flui tão facilmente, mas certamente é enriquecedora. 

Segundo palavras do autor: "Este é um livro acerca de paixões políticas, radicalismo, ideias utópicas e suas consequências catastróficas nos experimentos de engenharia social em larga escala do século XX. Mais precisamente, é uma tentativa de mapear e explicar o que Hannah Arendt chamou "as tempestades ideológicas" de um século sem igual em violência, húbris, crueldade e sacrifícios humanos."

O autor esclarece que embora fascismo e comunismo compartilhassem de algumas fobias, objeções e ressentimentos, que puderam gerar alianças tóxicas como o pacto nazi-soviético de 1939, eles não se confundem, comunismo não é fascismo e fascismo não é comunismo.

Vladimir Tismaneanu define seu livro como: "uma interpretação político-filosófica de como aspirações utópicas maximalistas podem levar aos pesadelos dos campos soviéticos e nazistas." Seu objetivo é prover os leitores com "conclusões acerca de uma época cataclísmica -  que deixou para trás - uma paisagem cheia de cadáveres, ilusões desfeitas, mitos falhos, promessas traídas, e memórias mal digeridas." 

São analisadas as principais similaridades, distinções e reverberações contemporâneas das tiranias totalitárias, desradicalização de regimes do estilo soviético, o fervor religioso, ascensão de expressões de percepção democráticas alternativas, a natureza da adoração bolchevique, conexões entre Marx e Lênin, o entusiasmo de intelectuais pela Utopia comunista, e as similaridades e diferenças entre Hitler e Stalin. No decorrer da leitura são abordados temas sobre marxismo, bolchevismo, fascismo nazismo, extrema direita e esquerda, e os sentidos do radicalismo político. 

O autor relata com riqueza de detalhes como o  século XX foi marcado pela tirania dos regimes totalitários, seja de extrema-direita ou extrema-esquerda, que dizimou milhões de vidas humanas. O nazismo e o comunismo eram igualmente criminosos em sua natureza. Ao compará-los - nazismo e stalinismo - é importante ressaltar os fundamentos ideológicos comuns desses movimentos, bem como pontuar suas principais diferenças. 

A publicação do livro negro do comunismo em 1997 gerou um grande furor com relação as ideologias por trás do sistema que aniquilou entre 85 a 100 milhões de vidas durante um período de aproximadamente 60 anos em que ele foi estabelecido na Europa Oriental. O autor lança perguntas sobre o comunismo que certamente devem também ser aplicadas ao nazismo: "Como foi possível que milhões de pessoas se alistassem em movimentos revolucionários que visavam à escravidão, exclusão, eliminação, e finalmente, extermínio de categorias inteiras de seres humanos, seus semelhantes?  Qual foi o papel da húbris ideológica nessas práticas criminosas?”

Ainda hoje é possível questionarmos por quê a humanidade demonstra tamanha aversão contra o regime nazista perpetrado por Hitler, ao mesmo tempo em que minimiza os danos causados pelo leninismo comunista, com demonstrações públicas de exautação ao líder Bolchevique, pregando a implantação do regime comunista como instrumento de homegeinização e transformação social, econômica e cultural, tal qual idealizado por Hitler.  “Que o fascismo e o comunismo não sofram de um descrédito comparável explica-se primeiro pelo caráter respectivo das duas ideologias, que se opõem como o particular ao universal. Anunciador da dominação dos fortes, o fascista vencido não apresenta à vista senão seus crimes. Profeta da emancipação dos homens, o comunismo beneficia-se até mesmo por sua falência política e moral da doçura de suas intenções.”

Há que se considerar que os barbarismos do comunismo demoraram muito mais tempo para serem expostos, primeiro, porque os documentos secretos estavam sob o poder do estado, que recusava-se em revelá-los, e segundo, porque diferentemente do nazimo que tinha como inimigo as minorias, principalmente estrangeiras, o comunismo estava em guerra contra sua própria sociedade, onde qualquer estrato social podia tornar-se vítima da “máquina repressiva stalinista”. Falar sobre esse assunto, trazia à memória, horrores vividos por aqueles que tentavam esquecer aqueles tempos.

O autor chama atenção para o perigo da “personalização do poder político, sua concentração nas mãos de um semideus, levou à sua adoração religiosa forçada e a humilhação masoquista de seus súditos.” Já é possível ao leitor, ter uma ideia de quem foi o líder fascista Stálin.

Stálin passou a desconfiar até mesmo daqueles que um dia vira como aliados,  passou então a persegui-los, não só para destruí-los, mas para fazê-los parecer desprezíveis, mesmo modo praticado por Lenin, como aponta Robert C. Tucker: “Os processos-espetáculo de 1936-1938 [...] Para Stálin eram uma dramatização e sua visão conspiradora do mundo contemporâneo e soviético [...]. O terror stalinista era em grande medida uma expressão das necessidades da personalidade ditatorial de Stálin, e essas necessidades continuaram a gerar o terror enquanto ele viveu.”

Tomado de total paranóia, Stálin passou a perseguir os judeus, como “os novos inimigos da URSS”. Via em comunistas mais leais, possíveis espiões e sabotadores. Acusou médicos do Kremelin de ter envenenado “luminares stalinistas como Andrei Zhdanov, Aleksander Scherbakov e Marshall Ivan Konev. Daí a (i)lógica do ditador.

Segundo o filósofo polonês, Leszek Kolakowski: “O objetivo do sistema totalitário é destruir todas as formas de vida comunal que não sejam impostas pelo Estado e intimamente controlada por ele, de tal maneira que os indivíduos sejam isolados uns dos outros e se tornem simples instrumentos nas mãos do Estado. O cidadão pertence ao estado e não pode ter nenhuma outra lealdade, nem mesmo a ideologia do Estado.” Eis a práxis do sistema extremista e exterminador de Stálin.

Repleto de dados históricos, com referências às devidas fontes, o livro “O diabo na história” expõe as atrocidades dos ditadores totalitários do século XX, ao mesmo tempo que apela à consciência humana, para que as reverberações desse movimentos na história contemporânea, não nos levem percorrer os mesmos caminhos, cujos resultados catastróficos mancharam por toda a eternidade a história da humanidade sobre a terra. “Quando empreguei a imagem do Inferno, não quis fazer alegórica mas literalmente: parece bastante óbvio que os homens que perderam a fé no Paraíso não serão capazes de estabelecê-lo na terra; mas não é tão certo que os que perderam a fé no Inferno como um lugar da vida futura não possam estar querendo e sendo capazes de estabelecer na terra imitações exatas do que as pessoas costumavam crer acerca do Inferno. Neste sentido acho que uma descrição dos campos de concentração como Inferno na terra é mais “objetiva”, ou seja, mais adequada à essência deles do que afirmações de natureza puramente psicológica ou sociológica.” - Hannah Arendt. 

Um livro esclarecedor, principalmente para quem defende as ideologias utópicas de Karl Marx. 
Profile Image for Red.
107 reviews4 followers
November 24, 2020
I don't usually pick up a Non-Fiction especially of this magnitude but this was our Book Club's book of the month and I actually fairly enjoyed most parts about it. There were several things about Communism that I never known before. The first few parts of the book focused on the comparison between Fascism and Communism and then the majority of it was the history and some differences between Stalin and Lenin's dictatorships and outlooks of Communism. This is not a book I would recommend for a bit of light reading. There is some complex terminology in here that required a lot of dictionary time and there were also quite a few references to other books and articles that didn't help with the reading process when I had to look up each one and find the meaning behind the quotes to be able to push forward with the book. Each chapter seemed like a series of dissertations.
1,287 reviews
August 28, 2013
De titel dekt niet helemaal de lading. Het gaat inderdaad over fascisme en communism in de afgelopen eeuw, maar natuurlijk heft het actieve communisme veel langer geduurd en de schrijver is opgegroeid in een communistische staat, Roemenie.
Het boek is bijzonder helder geschreven, geen onduidelijk gewauwel. De schrijver toont overdudelijk aan, dat nostalgie naar het begin van het communisme onder Lenin volledig misplaatst is. Lenin zelf legde al de grondslag voor alle verschrikkelijke excessen. Daarover zijn we met het fascisme altijd wat duidelijker, maar de Bosjewieken deden echt niet onder voor Hitler c.s.
Het laatste stuk schetst het beeld na 1989. Interessant om te zien wat er ook nu nog allemaal mis kan gaan, maar de excessen uit de sovjet tijd lijken toch wel voorbij.
Profile Image for Cosmin.
5 reviews
January 11, 2014
Contrary to the title the focus of the book lies with communism and its two main incarnations leninism and stalinism. The topic of fascism is brought up less often, most of the times to highlight the differences between the two philosophies. THe book is very well documented, the author providing numerous references to other relevant publications by well established scholars. As Tismaneanu is Romanian-born sometimes there are more references to the Romanian communist regimes and their actions. I recommend this book to anyone who wants to have a general overview of the communist dogma and its effect on Eastern Europe in the 20th century.
Profile Image for Danilo Lipisk.
243 reviews1 follower
June 29, 2025
I have always seen communist ideology as something identical to a religion. This work clarified everything for me. Communism is a religion, and like other religions, it is something that poisons our blood, as (the former communist) Christopher Hitchens always preached.

The author (himself a victim of the communist regime in Ceausescu's Romania) disputes the view that Stalinism was a “betrayal” of the Leninist project. On the contrary: for him, Leninism already contained within itself the seeds of tyranny, a cult of personality, contempt for democracy, authoritarian centralism and repression as a tool for social construction. In other words, tyranny was the only possible destiny if we take Leninist thought into account. Tismaneanu rejects the simplistic division between “good” Lenin and “evil” Stalin. He shows how Leninism already incorporated the authoritarianism necessary for tyranny. Trotsky, in fact, also defended brutal repression (such as against the Kronstadt sailors).

It is a messianism! It is no different from other religions. Today's communists continue to defend the "thesis" that true communism has not been implemented and continue to defend this anti-human tyranny, just as other religious people continue to preach that true Christianity has not been implemented, that Islam will be fully implemented with the return of the hidden imam, that the Jewish messiah will establish world peace and all that blah blah blah.

At the end of the reading, what remains is the bitter realization that when politics becomes blind faith, and utopia an unquestionable dogma, the result is not human redemption, but total dehumanization. Tismaneanu, with relentless lucidity, dispels the illusions of a generation that wanted to transform the world, but ended up sinking it into terror in the name of hope.
Profile Image for Art.
397 reviews
January 20, 2021
The first part of the book documents the terror and murder experienced by people living under various forms of Marxist governments in the 20th Century. Marxist governments are believed to have killed at least 100 million of their own subjects during that time period. Throughout the book, the author focuses primarily on the Bolsheviks and East European communists. After the Bolsheviks solidified their power in Russia, they sought to outlaw all other parties and systematically started exterminating political enemies and rivals. After their enemies and rivals were destroyed, they turned on each other. Lenin believed the Bolshevik party solely represented the proletariat's class interest. Ethically, whatever advanced the party's interests was good and anything that hindered it was bad. The Bolsheviks would lead the permanent revolution and purge the less enlightened along the way. The middle part of the book deals heavily with Leninism/Stalinism as a philosophical system and its failure to bring about the utopia it had promised. Instead of heaven on earth, it brought forth hell on earth. The latter half of the book deals with the fall of the U.S.S.R. and the difficulties Russia and its former satellites have had in trying to move beyond their communist past. The author correctly views Marxism as a secularized Christian heresy. Some have referred to it as the religion/opiate of intellectuals. Although many communist states have collapsed, the paradigm Marx created is unlikely to disappear anytime soon. Marxism continues to morph and shape the world around us via its theoretical descendants. Written primarily for intellectuals, this book is an excellent, if sometimes difficult, read
Profile Image for Lavinia.
Author 3 books1 follower
December 5, 2021
I read most of this book (original version in Romanian) on a long bus tour through western Canada. Some days, we were on the road for 10-11 hours. I am mentioning this because I cannot fathom other circumstances where I could absorb long stretches of this book at a time. Even so, there were moments when I had to stop - the methodical unravelling of the tragedies sewn so deeply into the fabric of the twentieth century is bound to not leave much room for breathing. The book is built on exquisite research and understanding of history and it will likely be a "heavy" read from both an intellectual and emotional standpoint. I would not hesitate to recommend this book as an essential read to anyone looking to learn about how the recent past molded the present, not only in Europe but globally.
Profile Image for Eric Schwebel.
37 reviews
November 17, 2025
One of the more thought provoking and pointed works I have read as an undergraduate. Tismaneanu has incredible command of the historiography regarding 20th century totalitarianism. However, I feel like his argument is heavy-handed at times.
Profile Image for Ion.
6 reviews14 followers
January 16, 2015
Poate că sistemul occidental e defectuos în multe aspecte sociale dar este, până la urmă, un sistem democratic complet operațional, nu o dictatură. Aș fi cu siguranță de acord că democrațiile occidentale nu au nici ele astăzi un sistem de valori unanim acceptat, dar, în vreme pierderea unei astfel de sistem într-o democrație reală este contrabalansată de interacțiunea unei largi varietăți de instituții democratice, pierderea ideologiei într-o societate totalitară, înseamnă prăbușirea completă a moralului acelei societăți, deoarece singura justificare a guvernării totalitare este ideologie pe care se bazează.

Zdenek Mlynar.
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