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258 pages, Hardcover
First published January 1, 2002
In urbanised Europe, and in North America, the rise of the asylum is better seen not as an act of state but as a side effect of commercial and professional society.²
It would thus be simplistic to cast the rise of institutional psychiatry in crudely functional or conspiratorial terms, as new witch-hunt or a tool of social control design to smooth the running of emergent industrial society. The asylum solution should be viewed less in terms of central policy than as the site of myriad negations of wants, rights, and responsibilities, between diverse parties in a mixed consumer economy with a burgeoning service sector. The confinement (and subsequent release) of a sufferer was commonly less a matter of official fiat than the product of complex bargaining between families, communities, local officials, magistrates, and the superintendents themselves. The initiative to confine might come from varied sources; asylums were used by families no less than by the state; and the law could serve many interests. Something similar to the complex negotiation of interests which underlay and drove institutionalization in Georgian and Early Victorian England is now being revealed in studies of asylums in twentieth-century Africa and Latin America.
³ (Underlinings mine.)
[T]he relation between the practice of confinement and the insistence on work is not defined by economic conditions; far from it. A moral perception sustains and animates it.⁴