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The Best of All Possible Worlds: Mathematics and Destiny by Ivar Ekeland

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Optimists believe this is the best of all possible worlds. And pessimists fear that might really be the case. But what is the best of all possible worlds? How do we define it? Is it the world that operates the most efficiently? Or the one in which most people are comfortable and content? Questions such as these have preoccupied philosophers and theologians for ages, but there was a time, during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, when scientists and mathematicians felt they could provide the answer. This book is their story. Ivar Ekeland here takes the reader on a journey through scientific attempts to envision the best of all possible worlds. He begins with the French physicist Maupertuis, whose least action principle asserted that everything in nature occurs in the way that requires the least possible action. This idea, Ekeland shows, was a pivotal breakthrough in mathematics, because it was the first expression of the concept of optimization, or the creation of systems that are the most efficient or functional. Although the least action principle was later elaborated on and overshadowed by the theories of Leonhard Euler and Gottfried Leibniz, the concept of optimization that emerged from it is an important one that touches virtually every scientific discipline today. Tracing the profound impact of optimization and the unexpected ways in which it has influenced the study of mathematics, biology, economics, and even politics, Ekeland reveals throughout how the idea of optimization has driven some of our greatest intellectual breakthroughs. The result is a dazzling display of erudition—one that will be essential reading for popular-science buffs and historians of science alike.

Hardcover

First published February 9, 2000

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Ivar Ekeland

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Displaying 1 - 3 of 3 reviews
18 reviews
June 15, 2013
One of my favorite books of all time, taking on the Leibniz side of the "best of all possible worlds" philosophical/scientific debate that Voltaire famously lampooned in Candide. As a Voltaire fanatic, I didn't think I'd be able to see past his own anger about the assertion that "everything is for the best in this world" but Ekeland gives a lot of incredible historical and mathematical context for why scientists of this time supported the "least action principle" associated with this philosophy. Extra points for Ekeland being one of the chaos theorists Ian Malcolm of Jurassic Park is based on. It shows!
Profile Image for Maurizio Codogno.
Author 66 books143 followers
October 3, 2015
"Viviamo nel migliore dei mondi possibili". Chiunque abbia letto il Candido si ricorda certamente di come Voltaire abbia messo quell'affermazione sulla bocca di Pangloss come un tormentone, per irriderla. Magari però non sa che nasceva da una polemica con lo scienziato Maupertuis. Io l'ho scoperto leggendo questo libro dove Ekeland parte da Galileo e Huygens per mostrare come nell'era moderna la scienza sia venuta in soccorso della filosofia antica: il principio di minima azione, definito per l'appunto da Maupertuis, porterebbe a dire che il nostro universo è fatto così perché Dio (o la Natura, o semplicemente l'autoorganizzazione delle cose) non può che scegliere la via più breve per fare le cose.
Gran parte del testo è una bellissima cavalcata tra la storia della scienza e la filosofia della scienza, e fa scoprire tantissime perle matematiche, compresi gli errori dei grandi, che non si trovano certo nei manuali scolastici. Un po' più debole la parte finale, dove l'idea che noi viviamo nel migliore dei mondi possibili è vista attraverso la biologia (l'evoluzione delle specie), l'economia (i mercati che si regolano da soli) e l'etica (il bene comune). Ekeland risponde alla domanda in modo negativo, mostrando come i controesempi abbondano e tutt'al più possiamo immaginare di vivere in un mondo localmente migliore, il che è già meglio di nulla.
La traduzione di Carlo Tatasciore lascia alquanto a desiderare. La scelta di prendere un esperto di filosofia per la traduzione è sicuramente da apprezzare, perché altrimenti si rischiava di non riuscire a spiegare i ragionamenti dell'autore. Ma quando si trova scritto che un triangolo è isoscele sebbene i due angoli alla base sono uguali, o si confondono i poligoni coi poliedri, c'è qualcosa che non va.
784 reviews11 followers
February 21, 2025
I am not sure how useful reading this was, and whether I should keep my copy, but it was definitely extremely interesting on a philosophical level, as someone who learned about the "principle of least action" and used it a bit in an advanced classical mechanics class in college fifteen years ago but had never really known where it had come from.

Also, the translation of Newton's four rules for the scientific method from the Principia were interesting to see and I'd never seen them before...a part of me feels like a nicely written copy of them set alongside the "Emerald Tablet" would certainly be nice piece of art to have on my wall.
Displaying 1 - 3 of 3 reviews

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