In 2003, I was working as an agroforestry extension agent in a remote village in Africa. I had been struggling to get people to plant nitrogen-fixing and fruit trees for a year, to improve agriculture through local inputs (not just fertilizer and expensive seeds) and teach methods of improving plant breeding. Sachs came on VOA and gave a big interview (parroting Pedro Sanchez) about how if we sent more money to Africa, we could plant more nitrogen-fixing trees, and then all the soils would be much richer for agriculture. The simplicity of his equation and naivety was suffocating.
In this book, Sachs provides an overview of the trends and "four" big problems of the world. Honestly, I found much of this is good for identifying historical trends, but mostly boils down to give more money to big organizations (preferably ones that Sachs is involved in) so that he can save the world the way he thinks best. The four problems he identified are: first, "sustainable systems of energy, land and resources use that avert the most dangerous trends of climate change, species extinction, and destruction of ecosystems"; second, "stabilization of the world's population at eight billion or below by 2050 through a voluntary reduction of fertility rates"; third, "the end of extreme poverty by 2025 and improved economic security within the rich countries as well"; and, finally, "a new approach to global problem solving based on co-operation among nations and the dynamism and creativity of the nongovernmental sector." Unfortunately his solutions rarely deal with the larger understanding of how capitalist economies work, what a difference moving the developed world onto a sustainable power grid and other large changes we can make in the developed countries would do to help the rest of the world.
Sachs' shift away from the free market principles and leaning towards better government (socialism) management of distribution (money and risk) is refreshing. He realizes it is not free market or communism (this one is for you Joe the Plumber!). There are some novel ideas that he draws from other people (like rainfall insurance) that often fall back on superficial understandings of insurance markets. The government is the ultimate distributor of risk when markets are imperfect, and insurance markets for rainfall are based on profit so they will waste precious resources for people and also not be as risk balanced (geographically or in terms of identifying moral hazard and adverse selection) as the government itself.
Although the "power of one" ending is absolutely the lamest and most naive ending of any book I have read this year, I think this book is interesting for people who have little exposure to world problems or for policy makers who want a quick blue print of the problems. Unfortunately the book's structural organization leaves much to be desired... I felt like I was reading list after list that often overlapped and always boiled down to the UN and money.
Robert D. Steele gave a really nice overview and critique of this book, which I will paste here for my own reference later...
"As someone who reads broadly and sees with increasing dismay the insularity of citation cabals, somewhat arthritic communities of practice, and a tendency to ignore diverse perspectives, I was immediately annoyed by this book's failure to respect Lester Brown, Herman Daly, Paul Hawkin, C. K. Prahalad, and J. F. Rischard, to name but a few. The author does not appear to have read the High Level Threat Panel Report of the United Nations, and his over-all presentation, while accurate and erudite, is also dense, narrow, and of dubious implementability.
If you are steeped in the literature and care deeply about the details, then this book is an absolutely essential reference, and for that reason receives four stars.
He identifies six key factors for the near future:
1. Convergence
2. More people, higher incomes
3. Asian Century
4. Urban Century
5. Environmental Challenges
6. Poorest Billion
He loses one star, apart from failing to honor the real pioneers including Herman Daly, father of Ecological Economics: Principles And Applications, for overly general platitudes about global collaboration, technology, saving Darfur as if anything he lists was possible, and generally neglecting so many factors and metrics as to leave me wondering where the book was going.
He lists seven climate change impacts:
1. Rising ocean levels
2. Habitat destruction
3. Increased disease transmission
4. Changes in agricultural productivity
5. Changes in water availability
6. Increased natural hazards
7. Changes in ocean chemistry
US:
1. Limits of military power
2. Wars of identity
3. Drivers of violence
4. Foreign Assistance
5. Real Security
The chapter on global problem solving was entirely reasonable, and I worry that I am communicating too harsh a sense of the book. If you are a geek and have time on your hands, by all means buy this book.
He says the public sector should
1. Fund basic science (never mind the Republican war on science)
2. Promote early stage technologies (never mind Monsanto's seeds of death or the Transylvanian Dracula patent system designed to retard human progress by locking up new stuff so the legacy stuff can continue to sell)
3. Create a global policy framework for solutions (see Earth Intelligence Network and the ten threats, twelve policies, and eight challengers, see especially the EarthGame(TM) as devised by Medard Gabel who helped Buckminster Fuller create the original analog World Game)
4. Finance the scale-up of successful innovations and technologies (huh?)
No mention of the public sector's most important role in creating a social environment that is stable, orderly, and healthy, so that citizens can be educated and gainfully employed while exporting goodness.
He suggests the private sector has two core responsibilities besides making a profit (at our expense, see comment below on true costs):
1. Investing in R&D, often with public funding
2. Implementing large-scale technological solutions in partnership with the public sector
Hmmm. No mention of Green to Gold, Sustainable Design, Services Science...
The not-for-profit sector has five key roles, per the author:
1. Public advocacy (perhaps public education would be a better term)
2. Social entrepreneurship and problem solving (good)
3. Seed funding of solutions
4. Accountability of government and the private sector
5. Scientific research, notably in academic institutions
The author follows the above with a global funding architecture that is not persuasive and that would not satisfy my colleagues from the Office of Management and Budget.
The book ends with a limp, suggesting eight steps individuals can take:
1. Learn
2. Travel
3. Join
4. Community (face to face)
5. Social Networks (online)
6. Workplace
7. Live personally (Gandhi: be the change you want to see in the world.)
My bottom line: this book is not ready for prime time.
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