A charming and impassioned tribute to the Church of England, the church that Sir Roger Scruton ended his days in as religion became an increasingly important topic for him (this book came out on the heels of his book 'The Face of God' which had had its genesis as the Gifford Lectures and would be followed by 'The Soul of World' in 2014). The book's title notes that this is "a personal history of the Church of England" and for Scruton, the Anglican Church has sustained the spirit of English culture while navigating the Scylla of Roman Catholicism and the Charybdis of unaesthetic and dogmatic Nonconformist Protestantism found among Puritans, Wesleyans, and other low-church Protestants. He writes for the layman, not offering a heavy tome of ecclesiology a la Paul Avis but instead a wise rumination on the Church of England's history and impact. Scruton offers a broad overview of Anglican history, commenting on notable figures and their achievements (I was surprised that in his discussion of Anglicans who converted to Catholicism he failed to mention G.K. Chesterton, who himself is Scruton's forefather in championing and loving England and its culture).
From the Reformation, Anglicanism championed the power of the word over sacramental mystery and thus, vernacular language and explanation. The King James Version of the Bible, the Book of Common Prayer, and 'Hymns Ancient and Modern' have become so woven into English culture that they provide a spiritual 'lingua franca' for millions. Scruton notes that:
"St Anselm of Canterbury had famously broached the topic of mystery in the remark 'credo ut intelligam' - I believe in order to understand. Only through faith, itself a gift of God's grace, could a mere mortal be raised to the point of comprehending the divine plan, and seeing what was intended and achieved by Christ's sacrifice. Wyclif was one of many Englishmen of his time who were of the opposite persuasion, holding that the promises of Christianity should be understood in order to be believed. And this is the root of Protestant spirituality, the real reason not only for the use of the vernacular language, but also for eschewing any ritual or ceremony that is not necessary to explaining God's purpose. By understanding the Bible, Christians, according to the Protestant way of thinking, enter into a direct relation with their Saviour, and the Church exists not to clothe this fact in mystery but on the contrary to reveal it, and to implant it in the heart of the believer" (p. 49).
Scruton is an aesthete and he laments the devaluation and even destruction of beauty wrought by the Puritans (he spends considerable time commenting on the hymnody of the English and church architecture) but as a philosopher (one especially indebted to Immanuel Kant), he also appreciates Protestantism's demand for explanation. We can never fully comprehend God, as Scruton himself acknowledges towards the end of the book (indeed, Scruton's openness to mystery and the ineffable ultimately prevent him from becoming as dogmatic as I think a Christian ought to be). Scruton's point about Protestantism's penchant for explanation reminds me of how Catholics often tout the stained glass images in their churches, pointing to them as visual representations of Scripture for those who could not read the Bible for themselves. Yet Dutch historian Johan Huizinga long ago pointed out that this has inherent dangers for “An abundance of pictorial fancy, after all, furnished the simple mind quite as much matter for deviating from pure doctrine as any personal interpretation of Holy Scripture.” Scruton later contrasts Roman Catholicism with Protestantism generally before honing in on Anglicanism's genius middle-way. Like ancient religions like Hinduism:
"The Roman Catholic Church inherited from antiquity a similar habit of consecrating life through pious observances: the lighting of lamps, the laying out of offerings, the genuflecting, crossing, bowing and whispering that change the place where they occur from an empirical to a transcendental location. But the Protestant spirit rebels against those habits. And it rebels on behalf of the word.
The word is the instrument of thoughts. For the Protestant spirit, gestures and rituals conceal reality, words reveal it. Words are the enemy of superstition and the torch that lights our spiritual path. For the extreme Protestant, therefore, words are enough, and a dialogue of friends in the Meeting House is all the holiness that a Quaker requires. The Anglican Church is more cautious, and also more subtle. It recognizes that, when it comes to worship, words must CONJURE their subject and not just describe it. They must be lifted out of their everyday and conversational use, to become ritual gestures, invocations rather than descriptions" (p. 98).
Anglicanism values words, whether it is immortalized phrases from the KJV, Cranmer's beautiful collects, or hymns sung on Sundays that have sustained worshippers for centuries. Yet Anglicanism strategically implants words into its liturgy in ritualistic ways that one does not find in Nonconformist Protestantism.
Another way that Anglicanism unites the best of Catholicism and Protestantism is its mass appeal to the English people. Especially today, especially as evangelicals, we can become discouraged at what seems to be a frail Church and inveigh against antinomian Anglicanism but Scruton points out:
"For it is difficult for a church to minister to the spiritually second-rate. The temptation is to demand of everyone the enthusiasm that the many can simulate, but only the few possess. The genius of the Roman Catholic Church has been in catering for the majority, drawing the ordinary malefactor into the shared need for sacramental moments, and requiring penance, atonement, and forgiveness of everyone, without disdain towards those who find it hard to say sorry or who are quick to take revenge. This feature, which to the ardent Puritan is a profound spiritual fault and a sign of corruption, is - from another and more lenient perspective - a social and political virtue. No church can hope to be a national church if it does not emulate this aspect of the Catholic tradition. And that is what the Anglican Church has done. It is why it prompts continuous rebellion from the Nonconformist and the Puritan, and also why it has had the support of ordinary people aware of their weakness" (p. 87).
Anglicanism, like Catholicism, has ardent believers who pour their time, money, energy, and devotions into their faith but there are also many believers who are "culturally Christian" and whose church attendance is limited to Easter and Christmas. Yet Anglicanism has been able to engraft these lukewarm people into itself, at least exposing them to faith through national ceremony (think of the American Episcopal Bishop Michael Curry's acclaimed homily at the marriage of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle) and cultural inheritance.
The Anglican Church has two polarizing wings - low-church evangelicals and Anglo-Catholics - but despite Anglicanism's reputation as a "broad church," Scruton points out that for all its latitudinarianism, it was not able to completely retain the evangelical John Wesley (who remained a lifelong Anglican even as he founded Methodism) and the high churchman John Henry Newman who eventually converted to Catholicism and rose to the rank of cardinal (p. 62).
Scruton writes as a layman and a philosopher rather than as a theologian and their are times when his doubts pain me as an evangelical. Sometimes one wonders if, were the ancestral religion of the English Buddhism or Judaism would Scruton have adhered to it because of its embeddedness in English culture. Yet he is also the typical Anglican in that, compared to an American South Baptist or pentecostal, he is never quite so dogmatic as the former and not as exuberant and extemporaneous as the latter:
"The Anglicanism to which I am attached is like Orthodox Judaism and Hinduism - not abstract doctrine but ritual performance, though a performance through which the profoundest truths of human life are enacted and acknowledged. My kind of Anglicanism would not stand up to the interrogating zeal of an ardent Calvinist. It is a quiet, gentle, unassuming faith that makes room beneath its mantle for every form of hesitation" (p. 185).
In his final years Scruton would play the organ at All Saints Church in Garsdon. No doubt he is now in Heaven playing the organ and worshipping alongside Charles Wesley, Benjamin Britten, and the other saints of the Church of England.