The Longest Day, Cornelius Ryan’s classic history of the D-Day invasion, takes its title from an assessment offered by German general Erwin Rommel to his aide in April of 1944, over a month before the invasion of Normandy took place. “Believe me, Lang,” Rommel said that spring day, “the first twenty-four hours of the invasion will be decisive….for the Allies, as well as Germany, it will be the longest day.” Six weeks later, on 6 June 1944, the Allies invaded Normandy; and no doubt many of the soldiers, sailors, airmen, and marines who survived that day, whether Allied or German, would agree that it had been the longest day of their lives.
When The Longest Day: June 6, 1944 was published in 1959, it represented something new in the chronicling of the Second World War. Much had been written about the war, of course; but never before had a journalist sought out so much first-hand testimony, from so many sources, and woven it into a narrative that would combine historical accuracy with broad popular appeal. The end of the war was as recent for the people of that time as the beginning of the Iraq War is for people of today, and therefore the time was right for someone to seek out people whose memories of the invasion were still fresh, and let them tell their stories.
Ryan, an Irish-born journalist, had begun covering the war in 1941, as a 21-year-old reporter for The Daily Telegraph; he flew on bombing missions with the Eighth Air Force, and later accompanied General George Patton’s Third Army on its eastward march across occupied Europe and into Germany. He knew the war from first-hand experience, and no doubt that shared experience helped him bond with, and invite frank testimony from, the hundreds of people whom he interviewed as part of the work of writing this book.
With his journalist’s eye for the telling detail, Ryan excels at conveying a you-are-there immediacy, as when he describes an NBC correspondent looking over at General Dwight D. Eisenhower, and watching the supreme Allied commander’s eyes fill with tears as airplanes take off from an airfield in southern England. Ryan’s skill as a storyteller makes The Longest Day a prime example of how a great epic story is often a collection of compelling anecdotes, as in this account of how Madame Angèle Levrault, a 60-year-old educator who lived in the village of Sainte-Mère-Église, responded when an American paratrooper dropped into her garden:
“Quickly the eighteen-year-old trooper whipped out a knife, cut himself loose from his chute, grabbed a large bag and stood up. Then he saw Madame Levrault. They stood looking at each other for a long moment. To the old Frenchwoman, the paratrooper looked weirdly frightening. He was tall and thin, his face was streaked with war paint, accentuating his cheekbones and nose. He seemed weighted down with weapons and equipment. Then, as the old lady watched in terror, unable to move, the strange apparition put a finger to his lips in a gesture of silence and swiftly disappeared. At that moment, Madame Levrault was galvanized to action. Grabbing up the skirts of her nightwear, she dashed madly for the house. What she had seen was one of the first Americans to land in Normandy. The time was 12:15 A.M., Tuesday, June 6, 1944. D-Day had begun” (pp. 104-05).
Ryan’s diligent interview work contributes to a taut, well-organized narrative that captures well the dangers that the soldiers of D-Day faced. Consider, in that regard, this description of what the Americans faced as their landing craft approached Utah Beach:
“In an instant the war had become personal. Troops heading for Utah Beach saw a control boat leading one of the waves suddenly rear up out of the water and explode. Seconds later heads bobbed up and survivors tried to save themselves by clinging to the wreckage. Another explosion followed almost immediately. The crew of a landing barge trying to launch four of the thirty-two amphibious tanks bound for Utah had dropped the ramp right onto a submerged sea mine. The front of the craft shot up and Sergeant Orris Johnson on a nearby LCT watched in frozen horror as a tank ‘soared more than a hundred feet into the air, tumbled slowly end over end, plunged back into the water and disappeared.’ Among the many dead, Johnson learned later, was his buddy, Tanker Don Neill.” (p. 204)
As for the German defenders, Ryan makes clear that the cause they serve was an evil one; he focuses on the cruelty and malice of Hitler, the Gestapo, and the S.S. But in considering the German soldiers’ service at Normandy, he keeps his emphasis squarely on the way the Germans faced the strains and horrors of war, just as he does with the Allied soldiers, as when he chronicles the D-Day experience of Major Werner Pluskat, a leader of the defense on the Normandy beaches. Disbelieved by his superiors at headquarters when he sees the vast invasion armada closing in on the beaches, a frustrated Pluskat shouts into the phone, “If you don’t believe me…come up here and see for yourself! It’s fantastic! It’s unbelievable!” Asked where the ships are heading, “Pluskat, phone in hand, looked out the aperture of the bunker and replied, ‘Right for me’” (p. 186).
The Longest Day concludes on a hopeful note, as Tuesday, 6 June 1944, draws to a close, focusing on the village that had been Rommel’s headquarters: “La Roche-Guyon was silent. Soon this most occupied of all French villages would be free – as would the whole of Hitler’s Europe. From this day on the Third Reich had less than one year to live” (p. 302). For the rest of his life, Ryan would continue with his examination of the Second World War’s Western Front, writing two more epic World War II books -- A Bridge Too Far (1974), an account of the ill-fated Allied attempt to take Arnhem, Holland, in September 1944; and The Last Battle (1966), a chronicling of the final Battle of Berlin, and of the concomitant fall of the Nazi regime, in April and May of 1945. Together, the three books make up a singularly powerful trilogy of the Second World War in the West – a trilogy that Ryan barely managed to complete before his too-early death from prostate cancer at age 54.
The Longest Day was quite the publishing event when it appeared in bookstores in 1959. Within three years, it had been brought to the big screen by producer Darryl F. Zanuck, with a screenplay written by Ryan himself and a true all-star cast: Eddie Albert, Paul Anka, Richard Burton, Red Buttons, Sean Connery, Fabian, Henry Fonda, Leo Genn, Jeffrey Hunter, Curt Jürgens, Peter Lawford, Roddy McDowall, Sal Mineo, Robert Mitchum, Kenneth More, Edmond O’Brien, Robert Ryan, George Segal, Rod Steiger, Robert Wagner, John Wayne, and Stuart Whitman, among others. That so many top actors were willing to gather together, for what they knew would be relatively brief appearances in a film with a great deal of ground to cover, speaks to the importance of The Longest Day in its time. It remains an essential history of the D-Day invasion.