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Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 #3
大衰退 1971~1989
告別繁榮樂觀的六○年代，七○年代迎接歐洲的是一連串的舛錯。越戰之故，美國漸次放棄布雷頓森林協議，穩定世界金融秩序的美元固定匯率被埋葬，歐洲貨幣匯率跟著浮動，通貨膨脹、貨幣貶值接續而來，兩次石油危機火上加油，引發失業潮、進出口貿易下滑，雖然這是亞洲的機會，但歐洲如何面對此困境？
政治方面，原先由左、右派主導的政治生態，為單一議題取代：稅賦、婦女、環保等議題足以成為組黨的理念，例如一九八○年代綠黨發展成西德大黨。財政方面，私有化的浪潮打上歐洲灘頭，例如：英國保守黨柴契爾、法國社會黨密特朗變賣公營事業；這不只是一場所有權的轉換而已，而是戰後的社會共識被徹底改變。
東歐經歷一九五六匈牙利事件、一九六八布拉格之春，到了一九七○年代，異議分子不再直接對抗當權者，選擇從「權利」、「自由」議題切入，形成另一種質疑共黨統治的方式。公害汙染、環境議題在敏感的政治氛圍中，如何張開保護傘，使得集體輿論、「公民社會」成為可能？
一九八○年代末，共產東歐經歷了翻天覆地的改變，引發「蘇東波」的動力學如何發生，又如何進展？戈巴契夫從權力核心的改革如同震源，啟動了骨牌效應，電視轉播推波助瀾，使諸衛星國迅速且平和地脫離共黨統治；各國因應各自獨特的社會實況，如何有不同程度的秩序重組？「返回歐洲」的願望又如何達成？
政治方面，原先由左、右派主導的政治生態，為單一議題取代：稅賦、婦女、環保等議題足以成為組黨的理念，例如一九八○年代綠黨發展成西德大黨。財政方面，私有化的浪潮打上歐洲灘頭，例如：英國保守黨柴契爾、法國社會黨密特朗變賣公營事業；這不只是一場所有權的轉換而已，而是戰後的社會共識被徹底改變。
東歐經歷一九五六匈牙利事件、一九六八布拉格之春，到了一九七○年代，異議分子不再直接對抗當權者，選擇從「權利」、「自由」議題切入，形成另一種質疑共黨統治的方式。公害汙染、環境議題在敏感的政治氛圍中，如何張開保護傘，使得集體輿論、「公民社會」成為可能？
一九八○年代末，共產東歐經歷了翻天覆地的改變，引發「蘇東波」的動力學如何發生，又如何進展？戈巴契夫從權力核心的改革如同震源，啟動了骨牌效應，電視轉播推波助瀾，使諸衛星國迅速且平和地脫離共黨統治；各國因應各自獨特的社會實況，如何有不同程度的秩序重組？「返回歐洲」的願望又如何達成？
- GenresHistory
329 pages, Paperback
First published October 29, 2012
1 person is currently reading
36 people want to read
About the author
Tony Judt
56 books666 followersBorn in 1948, Tony Judt was raised in the East End of London by a mother whose parents had immigrated from Russia and a Belgian father who descended from a line of Lithuanian rabbis. Judt was educated at Emanuel School, before receiving a BA (1969) and PhD (1972) in history from the University of Cambridge.
Like many other Jewish parents living in postwar Europe, his mother and father were secular, but they sent him to Hebrew school and steeped him in the Yiddish culture of his grandparents, which Judt says he still thinks of wistfully. Urged on by his parents, Judt enthusiastically waded into the world of Israeli politics at age 15. He helped promote the migration of British Jews to Israel. In 1966, having won an exhibition to King's College Cambridge, he took a gap year and went to work on kibbutz Machanaim. When Nasser expelled UN troops from Sinai in 1967, and Israel mobilized for war, like many European Jews, he volunteered to replace kibbutz members who had been called up. During and in the aftermath of the Six-Day War, he worked as a driver and translator for the Israel Defense Forces.
But during the aftermath of the war, Judt's belief in the Zionist enterprise began to unravel. "I went with this idealistic fantasy of creating a socialist, communitarian country through work," Judt has said. The problem, he began to believe, was that this view was "remarkably unconscious of the people who had been kicked out of the country and were suffering in refugee camps to make this fantasy possible."
Career: King's College, Cambridge, England, fellow, 1972-78; University of California at Berkeley, assistant professor, 1978-80; St. Anne's College, Oxford University, Oxford, England, fellow, 1980-87; New York University, New York, NY, professor of history, 1987--, director of Remarque Institute, 1995--.
Awards: American Council of Learned Societies, fellow, 1980; British Academy Award for Research, 1984; Nuffield Foundation fellow, 1986; Guggenheim fellow, 1989; Pulitzer Prize in general nonfiction finalist, 2006, for Postwar: A History of Europe since 1945.
Like many other Jewish parents living in postwar Europe, his mother and father were secular, but they sent him to Hebrew school and steeped him in the Yiddish culture of his grandparents, which Judt says he still thinks of wistfully. Urged on by his parents, Judt enthusiastically waded into the world of Israeli politics at age 15. He helped promote the migration of British Jews to Israel. In 1966, having won an exhibition to King's College Cambridge, he took a gap year and went to work on kibbutz Machanaim. When Nasser expelled UN troops from Sinai in 1967, and Israel mobilized for war, like many European Jews, he volunteered to replace kibbutz members who had been called up. During and in the aftermath of the Six-Day War, he worked as a driver and translator for the Israel Defense Forces.
But during the aftermath of the war, Judt's belief in the Zionist enterprise began to unravel. "I went with this idealistic fantasy of creating a socialist, communitarian country through work," Judt has said. The problem, he began to believe, was that this view was "remarkably unconscious of the people who had been kicked out of the country and were suffering in refugee camps to make this fantasy possible."
Career: King's College, Cambridge, England, fellow, 1972-78; University of California at Berkeley, assistant professor, 1978-80; St. Anne's College, Oxford University, Oxford, England, fellow, 1980-87; New York University, New York, NY, professor of history, 1987--, director of Remarque Institute, 1995--.
Awards: American Council of Learned Societies, fellow, 1980; British Academy Award for Research, 1984; Nuffield Foundation fellow, 1986; Guggenheim fellow, 1989; Pulitzer Prize in general nonfiction finalist, 2006, for Postwar: A History of Europe since 1945.
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January 2, 2021
“严肃的经济改革意味着放松或放弃管控……但是……共产主义就是管控，对经济的管控，对知识的管控，对运动、意见以及对人的管控。除此之外的一切都是辩证法。”
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