With Tom-All-Alone’s (or, as titled in the U.S., The Solitary House), Lynn Shepherd is deliberately aiming to recreate The French Lieutenant’s Woman for the present day. In other words, she has crafted a postmodern, knowingly sly, shockingly explicit version of the Victorian mystery novel, with Bleak House as her model and inspiration. The result reminds me most of The Crimson Petal and the White and The Pleasures of Men, with all three highlighting brutal serial murders and the squalid underside of everyday life.
Shepherd effectively captures the mood of seedy Victorian London, from the slums of Tom-All-Alone’s to the treasure gallery below Tulkinghorn’s chambers. Her new plot is driven by the researches of Charles Maddox, a young detective dismissed from the police for questioning Inspector Bucket’s methods, and now commissioned by Tulkinghorn to trace the sender of a set of anonymous threats received by Sir Julius Cremorne. Maddox quickly finds that the mystery goes deeper than first assumed.
If there is an aspect of Shepherd’s novel that is unsuccessful, I think it is the disparate treatment of elements from Bleak House. Some characters and their histories are adopted wholesale: Bucket, Tulkinghorn, Lady Dedlock, Jo. Others seem to be the same but are masked by slightly different names: Cook for Krook, Hester for Esther, Mr. Jarvis for Mr. Jarndyce, Miss Flint for Miss Flite, and so on. This allows her to tweak their stories, turning Mr. Jarndyce’s safe haven at Bleak House into The Solitary House, a terrifying baby farm and madhouse. A few bits are borrowed from other sources, such as the story of Anne Catherick and Percival Glyde from The Woman in White, and then various characters are created from scratch, including Charles and his great-uncle, once a detective himself but now suffering with the early stages of a dementia that will remove all memory of the crimes he solved.
Although Shepherd’s use of her literary antecedents is undeniably deft, I find her own characters so convincing that I wish she’d had the courage and innovation to write an entirely fresh story. I don’t think she adds anything to my understanding or appreciation of Bleak House itself; I suppose the advantage for an author is that association with Austen or Dickens (via “fan fiction”) immediately lends his or her book a clout that a little-known novelist would not ordinarily have. The aim of revealing the true extent of the poverty and savagery of Victorian London is an admirable one, but has been done better before; likewise, the strategy of having a playful omniscient narrator who reveals dramatic irony and anachronism has also been done, and possibly distracts the reader a bit from the immediacy of the storyline. I am, of course, delighted to read any modern novel with a Victorian setting, especially one that uses Dickens as a reference point, but I was ever so slightly disappointed with Tom-All-Alone’s.
[I was more impressed with Shepherd after seeing her in person (speaking at Carnegie Library in May 2012, as part of Lambeth Libraries’ annual Readers and Writers festival). I didn’t realize that her previous novel, Murder at Mansfield Park, was in some ways a prequel to Tom-All-Alone’s, focusing as it did on the exploits of detective Charles Maddox the elder, i.e. our Charles’ great-uncle. Whereas with that novel she aimed at a pastiche of Jane Austen’s style, with Tom-All-Alone’s she said she eschewed stylistic imitation but went after plot instead. Her plot runs at a parallel to the story of Bleak House, including the distinctive use of two different narrative voices (the authoritative third person and the first person female perspective), but results in a leaner and darker version of Dickens’s tale. She said she saw herself as standing next to Dickens and saying what he couldn’t, about sex and sanitation in particular. In this she saw her role as more journalistic – along the lines of what Henry Mayhew did with his London Labor and the London Poor. I laud all these aims, and yet I still found the actual outworkings of her plot rather sensational and unnecessarily sordid.]