Сцены из жизни богемы

by Henri Murger, Анри Мюрже

Henri Murger began writing poems depicting Bohemian life in Paris, and became part of the that world. He lived in poverty and with poor health. His classic novel of Bohemian life is based on a series of magazine sketches from 1845-1849, later made into a successful play (1849). In 1851 he reworked the stories into this novel, a collection of loosely united chapters beginning with the first meeting of the four main characters (Gustave Colline, the great philosopher; Marcel, the great painter; Schaunard, the great musician; and Rodolphe, the great poet, who Murger modeled after himself) and ending with their departure from Bohemia in favor of bourgeois life.

Genres: Fiction, Classics, France, French Literature, Art, Historical Fiction, 19th Century

ebook

First published January 1, 1845

About the author

He is chiefly distinguished as the author of Scènes de la vie de bohème, from his own experiences as a desperately poor writer living in a Parisian attic, and member of a loose club of friends who called themselves "the water drinkers" (because they were too poor to afford wine). In his writing he combines instinct with pathos and humour, sadness his predominant tone. The book is the basis for the operas La bohème (Puccini) and La bohème (Leoncavallo), and, at greater removes, the zarzuela Bohemios (Amadeu Vives), the operetta Das Veilchen vom Montmartre (Kálmán) and the Broadway musical Rent. He wrote lyrics as well as novels and stories, the chief being La Chanson de Musette, "a tear," says Gautier, "which has become a pearl of poetry"

Reviews

[ꕥ Ange_Lives_To_Read ꕥ · Rating 4 out of 5]

I've never seen the opera "La Boheme" or the play/movie "Rent" both of which are based on this novel; and I had the impression that they were tragedies. So I was pleasantly surprised that despite a few sad incidents, Bohemians of the Latin Quarter Illustrated is freaking hilarious!

At the core is a group of four friends, all starving artists in Paris. The novel is presented as a series of vignettes of their lives rather than a straightforward narrative. This merry band spends approximately two-thirds of their lives dodging their landlords, hitting up friends and relatives for loans they have no intention of ever repaying, and trying to scrape together their next meal or some firewood (although in the absence of the latter, they’re not against burning any shabby furniture that was included with their lodgings).

The remainder of their time is spent drinking and chasing women; and lastly, creating whatever art is their passion - be it music, painting, writing, or philosophy. Any money this group does manage to scrounge up is shared alike, and immediately spent in the most profligate manner; under no circumstances are funds to be piddled away by paying their rent, satisfying their creditors or saved for a rainy day.

They all have mistresses who drift in and out of their lives: in when they need good love; out after a big fight, or when they get too hungry or cold, or when some new lover promises them a pretty dress or a suite of furniture that they won't have to burn to keep warm.

No, this is not a group with fine upstanding morals, but they are entertaining as hell!

Random thought 1: I always wonder when I read something like this, how much of the original meaning is altered by the translation. For example, this novel was written in French and there are many lines of poetry - how is it possible to translate a poem and there just happen to be the perfect words with the same meaning that rhyme in the other language?

Random thought 2: I only picked this up because it is frequently referenced in Of Human Bondage which I just finished and is one of the greatest novels I've ever read. The hero, Philip Carey, does a stint as a starving artist in Paris.

[Rachel Pollock · Rating 5 out of 5]

I absolutely loved this book. It's more like a collection of interconnected short stories about the same community of friends/lovers, for the most part, but it's really a great contrast to the uptight and generally prudish nature of English 19th century fiction. It was particularly gratifying as a female reader to find the women in this book (written and set in the 1840s) owned their own sexuality, romantic expression, fickle love affairs, and that none of the characters, male or female, shamed them, vilified them as "whores," or prated about "purity" or being "ruined." The women took up with men across different classes, moved on when they wanted to just as much as the men, and for the most part functioned in ways that are only striking when compared with how similar characters are treated in English and American literature of the time.

[Jim · Rating 4 out of 5]

It reminds me of the Beat Generation a hundred years earlier. The Bohemians of the Latin Quarter: Scenes de la Vie de Boheme (better known as the source of Giacomo Puccini's opera La Boheme) is about four penniless bohemians: Marcel, Rodolphe, Colline, and Schaunard. They live from meal to meal -- if they are so lucky as not to have to fast -- and they are always in arrears on the rent.

Author Henri Murger has one up on the beatniks, however: All his characters are likeable and generous to a fault. They flit from one mistress to another, yet for Rodolphe and Marcel, they have a thing for their old loves, Mimi and Musette respectively. After both have been without mistresses for some months, they commiserate with each other:

"You thoroughly understand me," replied Marcel, in the same serious tones. "Just now I saw you, like myself, assailed by recollections that made you regret the past. You were thinking of Mimi and I was thinking of Musette. Like me, you would have liked to have had your mistress beside you. Well, I tell you that we ought neither of us to think of these creatures; that we were not created and sent into the world solely to sacrifice our existence to these commonplace Manon Lescaut's, and that the Chevalier Desgrieux, who is so fine, so true, and so poetical, is only saved from being ridiculous by his youth and the illusions he cherishes. At twenty he can follow his mistress to America without ceasing to be interesting, but at twenty-five he would have shown Manon the door, and would have been right. It is all very well to talk; we are old, my dear fellow; we have lived too fast, our hearts are cracked, and no longer ring truly; one cannot be in love with a Musette or a Mimi for three years with impunity. For me it is all over, and I wish to be thoroughly divorced from her remembrance. I am now going to commit to the flames some trifles that she has left me during her various stays, and which oblige me to think of her when I come across them."

Of course, they do not forget their past happiness, regardless of their intentions, even though their present outlook is uncertain.

[Sarah Greenman · Rating 4 out of 5]

Paris - the Latin Quarter - the basis for the opera "La Boheme" and the musical "Rent". This crazy romp through Paris in latter half of the 1800's is a riot. A real taste of the poor starving artist and the beginning of a HUGE artistic movement in Paris. A little tough at times because of the dated language - but hilarious, outrageous and romantic. Makes me want to light up a cigarette and talk with a lover until 4 in the morning.

[Czarny Pies · Rating 4 out of 5]

Ce roman a été une très jolie surprise. Il est beacoup mieux que la légende laisse croire. Il y a plus que quarante ans j'ai assisté à une representation de l'opéra du meme nom le Puccini. Le programme m'a informé que le livret était basé sur le roman de Murger qui était trés médiocre et entièrement oubliable. J'ai assisté a quatre ou cinqs representations de la Bohème par la suite et le programme a toujours chanté la meme chanson sur le roman de Murger. Finallement, la fin de semaine passé j'ai trouvé une version gratuite à Internet Archive et je l'ai lu a mon grand plaisir.

De facon générale, le roman possede un ton plus léger que l'opéra mais tous les elements de l'opéra sont là. L'auteur croit fermement au mythe de la bohème. Ses personnages sont bel et bien des genie en l'herbe. Ils ont raison de se moquer de leur misère, ce n'est qu'un étape nécessaire qu'ils doivent passer à travers avant d'etre reconnu pour les grands artistes qu'ils le sont. L'inconvenient signalé dans la preface par Murger est que bien des bohemiens meurent de misère et ne recoivent jamais leur juste recompense. La mort de Mimi est aussi terrible dans le roman que dans le livre, meme si le roman est dans son ensemble très comique et peu déprimant. Personnellement, je trouve la these de Murger idiot mais son roman est très bien fait.

"Les scenes de la vie de bohème" offre beaucoup de plaisirs aux amateurs de l'opéra. Si vous n'avez jamais assisté à une representation de "La bohème", ce roman risqué de vous ennuyer. Allez en premier à l'opéra.

[Nataniel ★彡 · Rating 5 out of 5]

XIX-wieczny sitcom

[Karoliina Loukari · Rating 4 out of 5]

Tämä ranskalaisklassikko oli sekä hulvaton että liikuttava lukuelämys. Suurta läpimurtoaan odottavien boheemitaiteilijoiden venkoilu sellaisten porvarillisten keksintöjen, kuten asunnon vuokran tai ravintolalaskun kahleissa saa välillä nauramaan ääneen. Puute yhdistää nämä ihmiset käytännön syistä toisiinsa, mutta lopulta samanlainen maailmankatsomus luo pohjan sydäntä lämmittävälle uskollisuudelle ja kaveria-ei-jätetä -hengelle. Vaikka kepeä elämänasenne auttaa näitä velikultia selviytymään jatkuvan nälän, kylmyyden ja loputtomien velkojen kurimuksessa, julma todellisuus on myös alati läsnä: tyhjä vatsa koituu syvänkin rakkauden kohtaloksi ja kuolema nimettömänä ja yksin on aina lähempänä niitä, joilla ei ole mitään.
Neljä tähteä on ehkä vähän ylärajalla, mutta koska tämä on kirja, jonka saattaisin lukea uudelleenkin, pyöristyköön nyt siihen.

[سوسن الجبري · Rating 3 out of 5]

شفتها بالجامعة لفتني العنوان ومع اني لما بحثت عنه ما لقيت شي عنه بس حبيت استكشف شي جديد :P

الرواية ممتعه .. المفترض يكون العنوان هو البوهيميين المجهوليين وليس البوهيمي المجهول لان البطل بالرواية في الواقع هو 4 اشخاض وليس واحد..
الرواية تحكي عن اربع اصدقاء بوهيميين و وصف لكيفية حياتهم .. وكيف معاناتهم في كسب النقود حتى اذا كسبوها انفقوها في ليلة واحدة في ولائم وحفلات ! و قصص عشيقاتهم الي كانوا يعيشون معاهم ثم يتركونهم بسبب عجز هؤلاء العشاق عن اشباع نهم هؤلاء العشيقات في اقتناء الملابس الجميلة واحدث صرعات الموضة ..

رواية جميلة لكن مثل ما قلت هي اقرب ما تكون ليوميات منها الى رواية .. بحيث ان يجي فصل عن دخول عضو جديد الى المنتدى البوهيمي لكن نجي للفصل الي بعده وما نلاقي ذكر لهذا الشخص .. لكن الشيئ المشترك بين الفصول هو المكان و الشخصيات .. وعموما اعتقد اني لو قريت الرواية بلغتها الاصلية فهتكون احلى "اللغة الفرنسية " لان الرواية فيها الكثير من المقاطع الشعرية و الجناس اللفظي


كانت تجربة جميلة بشكل عام .. و هذا يشجعني اني اغامر مرة ثانية واقرا اشياء جديدة :P

[Marilyn · Rating 4 out of 5]

"Un matin, c’était le 8 avril, Alexandre Schaunard, qui cultivait les deux arts libéraux de la peinture et de la musique, fut brusquement réveillé par le carillon que lui sonnait un coq du voisinage qui lui servait d’horloge.

— Sacrebleu ! s’écria Schaunard, ma pendule à plumes avance, il n’est pas possible qu’il soit déjà aujourd’hui."

Petites nouvelles à lire et à relire !

[Goldberg · Rating 2 out of 5]

I was so disappointed by this book, but I admit I had very high expectations. Still I've found this shallow as a pond when I expected it to be as deep as the Marianas trench.

[Cipi · Rating 4 out of 5]

,,Era în 19 martie... Și Rodolphe, chiar de-ar fi atins înaintata vîrstă a domnului Raoul-Rochette, care a văzut clădindu-se Ninive, nu ar fi putut să uite această dată memorabil��, căci în ziua aceea, ziua Sfîntului Iosif, la ora trei după-amiaza, ieșea din biroul unui bancher, unde încasase suma de cinci sute de franci, în bani buni și sunători.
Cel dintîi lucru pe care Rodolphe îl făcu cu aceaștă pleașcă picată din cer în buzunarul lui, fu să nu-și achite datoriile, dat fiindcă își jurase să devină econom și să nu facă nici un fel de risipă. De altminteri și în privința asta avea idei foarte înțelepte, zicîndu-și că, înainte de ase gîndi la lucruri de prisos, trebuia să se ocupe de cele necesare; de aceea nu plăti niciunui creditor și își cumpără, în schimb, o pipă turcească, pe care o dorea de multă vreme."

[Hania♡ · Rating 5 out of 5]

Nie będzie to najbardziej merytoryczna recenzja, aleee
kocham tę książkę miłością wielką!

Nie spodziewałam się, że zrobi na mnie aż takie wrażenie.

[Megan Anderson · Rating 5 out of 5]

Stream-of-Consciousness Review Shamelessly Lifted from my Seasonal Reading Challenge Post:

I'd like to apologize in advance for the massive rambling review-type thingy below. It's late and my brain is kinda fuzzy, but I'm too excited about the wonderfulness of the book to sleep without posting.

I actually read a version from Project Gutenberg, so I'm not sure which edition I read from the list of copies on GR, but it was an unabridged translation, so the page number should be roughly correct.

This book was hilarious. I loved it, and I spent a lot of time picking out bits and figuring out the counterparts of various characters in Rent (which was based off La Boheme, which was based off this book). Musette was pretty much the same as Maureen (her Rent counterpart), and the four main guys were all pretty much the same: Marcel/Mark was the artist (because they didn't have movies back in 1851), Colline/Collins was a philosopher, Schaunard/Angel was a musician (Angel--DuMotte-Schaunard~! Also, "Today 4 U" is lifted from one of the chapters in the book, only it's a parrot and a piano instead of an akita (Evita!) and some drums, but the point is the same!), and Rodolphe/Roger was a writer (this is the biggest stretch, but Roger spent most of the musical trying to write his "one song," so it works).

The biggest and most interesting change was with Mimi. Her Rent character was a composite of her story character (coquettish woman who likes a good time) and a character named Francine, whose story is told in arguably the saddest chapter of the book. "Light My Candle" comes directly from Francine's first meeting with Jacques, who becomes her lover--her candle blows out and she asks Jacques for a light, and they end up getting to know each other and fall in love (though, rather than losing her "stash," Francine drops her key somewhere in the room). Their love is doomed, however, as Francine is dying from tuberculosis, and she and Jacques only have about six months together. Mimi in the story also dies, but her death is due to a naturally weak constitution and (romantically) a broken heart. Both of these stories were combined to make the Rent character of Mimi (although, if I remember my synopsis correctly, Mimi from La Boheme isn't too much different from the one in Rent, aside from not being an exotic dancer).

Oh! And one other awesome thing: after the sexy-awesome rap-ish part of "La Vie Boheme," the characters joke around with random crazy lists of things that other characters are going to present (like Collins says, "In honor of the death of Bohemia, an impromptu salon will commence immediately following dinner. Maureen Johnson, just back from her spectacular one-night engagement at the Eleventh Street lot, will perform Native American tribal chants backwards through her vocoder while accompanying herself on the electric cello--which she ain't never studied."). That whole section of the song is lifted from one of the chapters, too! Well, the idea of it anyway. The characters send out invitations for a party they're going to hold, and the invitations list similarly random, crazy entertainments. I enjoyed that part.

And if it weren't 230am, I'd go watch Rent again! Seriously, though--if you like the musical, definitely read the book. It's awesome.

Favoritest quote ever (or at least from this book):
"First reader: I told you that this was not a very lively story.

What would you have, reader? We cannot always laugh."

[Larry Piper · Rating 3 out of 5]

This is yet another book read by the protagonist of Of Human Bondage, Philip. Fortunately, it's much better than that previous piece of crap I read as a result of reading about Philip's life. But, it's not great. If I could give +s and -s, I'd give it a 3*-. With luck, I'll manage to avoid Peregrine Pickle, another book Philip read, but then since that book also figured prominently in David Copperfield's early life as well, perhaps not. We'll see.

This book is essentially a set of short stories, or vignettes about the lives of four (mostly), young artists living in Paris in the 1840s. As nearly as I can tell, none of them has much talent, and none of them have any sense of responsibility. So, it's sort of a parody of art-wanna-be poseurs. I don't find that particularly fun or interesting. Perhaps I'm just too much of a jaded, non-romantic old fart, but I find that reading about obsessively irresponsible and self-indulgent youth wears thin after a while. I think it was telling that half way through this book, I found myself reading WonkBlog rather than continuing to plow through this book. I did manage, eventually, to finish it.

Interestingly, there was a weird chapter thrown in about three-quarters of the way through the book that introduced two completely new characters, who then didn't show up again. However, my vague recollection is that the part of this particular book that served as the basis of the opera, La Boheme was mostly taken from this chapter, although the character names in the opera were those of two of the more prominent characters in the rest of this book. Kinda weird I thought.

[Ina Lenca · Rating 4 out of 5]

I'm not sure if the description "a silly little book" is ever used in a positive manner, but I must say that this book really is a silly little book, and I liked it exactly because of that. When I chose to read it, I pictured it to be quite different than it turned out to be, imagining something similar to the bohemian way of life of the artists of the 20th century (which is a bit more serious, I would say). But I came to value the humour and lightheartedness which was there even in the desperate moments, its easy ebbing and flowing greatly. By the end of the book I had grown to love the characters, including even their occasionally irritating behaviour and their silly trifles. I don't know how accurately it portrays the bohemian way of life of the 19th century, but it did seem to have some quality of truth to it. Only I must say that despite being a lover of fairy tales I found the event of them all turning into bourgeois elements of society not only unlikely, but also unseemly. Then again, it is a silly little book, why not have a silly little ending?

[Sharon · Rating 5 out of 5]

Henri Murger's series of vignettes concerning four Paris bohemians (Marcel, Rodolphe, Colline and Schaunard) is the basis for Puccini's "La Boheme" and, subsequently, Jonathan Larson's "Rent."

The book combines pathos and unexpected good humor to show the difficulties of artistic life in 19th C. Paris. The mens' unfailing enthusiasm and absolute belief that they are about to be the next big thing carries them in and out of various scrapes and, of course, into the arms of various women.

I found the book to be quite entertaining, as well as providing significant additional insight into the actions in Puccini's opera. Highly recommended.

[Gab · Rating 5 out of 5]

This book provided a fulfilling journey, which is exactly what it is about. I had so much fun reading this, discovering the journey of this close group of friends. Though a couple of characters dropped off or were woven into the story without much explanation, it further sends the message of the Bohemian habits. Murger wrote many incredibly poetic anecdotes which filled me with glee while riding the judgmental, depressing and dull metros in the city of Paris, allowing me to remember a time in which people weren’t afraid to live and express non-commonplace ideas with no fear. I seek for the other Bohemians of today, even still.

[Melissa · Rating 5 out of 5]

I didn't read this edition, but a much earlier hardcover one in English and then later, again in French. In French was better, if you can do it, but the English is enough to find a beautiful, romantic story of the types of people you see in the opera "La Boheme" and musical "Rent" (which are of course based on this book) and "Moulin Rouge." I am a huge fan of the Fin de Siecle, and I loved this book. Steer clear if you are a pragmatist, but if you're an artist and a romantic, this is actually a must-read.

[Martyna Antonina]

Szalenie uszczypliwe pisanie, na skraju epiki i eseistyki, mające sobie czas za nic, a bohaterów za wszystko. Murger ma do nich ogromną słabość, czego zresztą nie ukrywa, obnażając ich życia z wszelkiej przyzwoitości niedopowiedzenia. Na początku rozkochuje, żeby później zmęczyć manierystycznym zacięciem stylu. I w tym ambiwalentnym meandrowaniu dostrzegam chyba największy problem jego prozy.

[Dominika · Rating 4 out of 5]

DNF @75%
Świetnie się bawiłam do pewnego czasu, ale obecnie trudno mi się cokolwiek czyta. Wrócę i skończę ją, ale póki co tylko bym się zmuszała. Zwłaszcza, że skończyliśmy to omawiać jakiś miesiąc temu xd

[Leonie · Rating 5 out of 5]

Oh, I adored this so much. I got a real sense of the impoverished lives of the Bohemians and I REVELLED IN IT!

[Anna Mykhailenko · Rating 5 out of 5]

5 звездочек-недостаточно для этой книги! Превосходно. Замечательно.

[Ally Taylor · Rating 4 out of 5]

The libretto La Bohème, by authors Luigi Illica and Giuseppe Giacosa, based of the novel La Vie de Bohème by Henri Murger, tells the story of six bohemians finding love and struggling to live in 19th-century Paris. La Bohème is a story I am very familiar with, as I have seen both the opera and the modern adaptation, Rent (a musical), both of which I thoroughly enjoyed. I would give this a rating of 4/5 stars because of its beautifully phrased passages and word choice as well its content (which includes topics such as love, death, and the concept of Bohemianism–the practice of an unconventional lifestyle, often in the company of like-minded people). I would recommend it to all who are interested in the arts (or those who enjoy reading plays), as this is a libretto; some, however, may be turned off by its format, as it is not a "novel", but I think that the story itself is one that will capture the attention of most readers, regardless of its structure, especially those who enjoy romance novels, due to its insightful approach towards love and death.

[Lis · Rating 4 out of 5]

i read this on my kindle (yeah, i got one). i get most of my ebooks free from project gutenberg. this one i "bought" for 0.00 from amazon.com. i had never seen so many mistakes in a book, but i guess i still paid nothing, so i won't complain much.

this book was written in the 1800s. the bohemians are a small group of young parisians trying to live as artists (writer, painter, poet, etc.). it follows them as they try to not get kicked out due to missed rent, buy clothes secondhand, continually search for ways to eat their next meal, run through money quickly when they do come across it (in part by drinking too much), and fall in love with girls that are hard to keep around long term when they can't exactly offer them much. at some point a few characters have to decide how much they're willing to "sell out" to actually eat well. so the point i got was that trying to make it as an artist hasn't changed much.

[Erica · Rating 2 out of 5]

Este libro lo inicié y lo abandoné en dos oportunidades, pero fiel a mi TOC de no dejar los libros sin terminar, me he forzado a llegar a su final, para concluir que el autor construye un relato que, bajo apariencia testimonial, solo busca la cara estética de la precariedad de los artistas parisinos de la época.

La obra en todo su conjunto me resultó problemática. Por un lado transforma la miseria en un motivo romántico y la convierte en objeto de consumo para la sensibilidad burguesa, en lugar de denunciar sus causas estructurales. Por otro lado, el individualismo creador del artista que se presenta como destino glorioso, invisibiliza las condiciones materiales de exclusión y desigualdad en la que está sumido.

Si bien es un texto literario, más que reflejo crítico de una realidad social, encuentro que el texto opera como mito literario que legitima y trivializa la marginación.
Cómo conclusión final: me ha resultado bastante aburrido.

[Gabriela · Rating 5 out of 5]

I really really enjoyed this book, the way it is written and the characters it presents. I first watched the opera in Budapest and then started reading it, with the bright colorful costumes of the era in mind. The life of a Bohemian may seem so fantastic, so unreal, yet so well portrayed in this book. I haven't decided which is my favorite character, the philosopher, the poet or the composer. Each in his own way is miraculously naive at times and mature out of the blue. It seems they each evolve through their induced hardships, with their own similar love stories and lucky dining parties. One must definitely be acquainted with the life of a Bohemian in the Latin quarter, so I recommend this book to everyone.

[Cera · Rating 4 out of 5]

This was so very delightful! I'm familiar with _La bohème_ and with _Rent_ (the mid-90s rock musical update of it), so I had no idea that Murger's original novel was so *funny*. Rodolphe & Mimi's affair, rather than being the centre of the book, is a very small portion; it's mostly a romp through the attics and streets of Bohemian Paris, as the four male artists have brief affairs with uneducated young women with charming voices, eat herring when they'd rather have haute cuisine, and attempt desperately to come up with the money to pay their rent. I need my own copy of this!

[Kim · Rating 5 out of 5]

The beginning of the most popular story to hit ever part of the theatre world (arguably.) This begot La Boheme, which begot RENT the Musical, which begot RENT the movie. Asit is, I have seen and read and own everything I possibly could minus, of course, this book. It's not the popularity and I don't consider myself a fan. It's everything this story line represents. It's the lives it shares within it's pages. I have an affinity with a few of the characters and would honestly much prefer one of the men in this to any of the men in RENT.

[William Guerrant · Rating 5 out of 5]

This book was a sensation in its day, its success lifting Murger out of the Bohemian poverty he describes so hilariously (and sometimes tragically) in this book. His fame gained him a bust in Luxembourg Garden and a sort of immortality as the inspiration of Puccini's opera L'Boheme, but his book (a better English translation of the title would be Scenes of the Bohemian Life) has been largely forgotten. That's too bad, because it is a delightful ride through mid-19th Century "Bohemia," a sort of Dumas' musketeers meet Mark Twain.

[Lucas Calmon · Rating 4 out of 5]

Un livre à rallonge, victime de son format feuilleton. Mais, il est tout de même très agréable à lire, grâce à la légèreté du récit. Les personnages principaux sont vraiment attachants et drôles. J’ai adoré découvrir leur vie de bohème et j’aurais encore plus aimé la vivre à leur côté.

En somme, si vous cherchez une lecture profonde et émouvante ce n’est pas le bon endroit, mais si voulez une lecture agréable pour la plage ou pour se changer les idées de temps à autres cette œuvre est ce qu’il vous faut.