-Charles II was the king of Great Britain and Ireland (1660-1685), the eldest son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France.(sister of King Louis XIII) He took the throne after years of exile. Much of his reign was devoted to the struggle between Anglicans, Catholics and dissenters over the laws of the Clarendon Code. He was popularly known as the Merrie Monarch, in reference to the liveliness and hedonism of his court.
Monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
Charles II's father, King Charles I, was executed at Whitehall on 30 January 1649, at the climax of the English Civil War.On 6 February, the Covenanter Parliament of Scotland proclaimed Charles II as King of Great Britain in succession to his father, but refused to allow him to enter Scotland unless he accepted Presbyterianism throughout the British Isles.which authorised Presbyterian church governance across Britain. Upon his arrival in Scotland on 23 June 1650, Charles formally agreed to the Covenant; his abandonment of Episcopal church governance, although winning him support in Scotland, left him unpopular in England. Charles himself soon came to despise the "villainy" and "hypocrisy" of the Covenanters.
He was crowned King of Scotland at Scone on 1 January 1651. With Cromwell's forces threatening Charles's position in Scotland, it was decided to mount an attack on England. With many of the Scots (including Lord Argyll and other leading Covenanters) refusing to participate, and with few English royalists joining the force as it moved south into England, the invasion ended in defeat at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, after which Charles eluded capture by hiding in the Royal Oak at Boscobel House (in Shropshire). He also stayed at Cirencester. Through six weeks of narrow escapes Charles managed to flee England in disguise, landing in Normandy on 16 October, despite a reward of £1,000 on his head, risk of death for anyone caught helping him and the difficulty in disguising Charles, who was unusually tall at over 6 feet (185 cm) high
Although the Parliament of Scotland proclaimed Charles II King of Great Britain and Ireland in Edinburgh on 6 February 1649, the English Parliament instead passed a statute that made any such proclamation unlawful. England entered the period known as the English Interregnum or the English Commonwealth, and the country was a de facto republic, led by Oliver Cromwell. Cromwell defeated Charles at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651 (age 21), and Charles fled to mainland Europe. Cromwell became virtual dictator of England, Scotland and Ireland. Charles spent the next nine years in exile in France, the United Provinces and the Spanish Netherlands.
A political crisis that followed the death of Cromwell in 1658 resulted in the restoration of the monarchy, and Charles was invited to return to Britain. On 29 May 1660, his 30th birthday, he was received in London to public acclaim. After 1660, all legal documents were dated as if Charles had succeeded his father as king in 1649.
Charles's English parliament enacted laws known as the Clarendon Code, designed to shore up the position of the re-established Church of England. Charles acquiesced to the Clarendon Code even though he himself favoured a policy of religious tolerance.
Unusually tall
Drooping eyelids
prone to nosebleeds
Sense of Humour
Ugly
Irrestible laugh
Swarthy. Dark features
Obstinate
Foolhardy
While fleeing to france there were no shoes big enough for his feet.
Stained his face with walnut juice to disguise him
Defeated at Battle of Worchester. Scots fled.
Charles had no legitimate children, but acknowledged a dozen by seven mistresses,including five by the notorious Barbara Villiers, Lady Castlemaine, for whom the Dukedom of Cleveland was created. His other mistresses included Moll Davis, Nell Gwyn, Elizabeth Killigrew, Catherine Pegge, Lucy Walter (Barlow), and Louise de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth. The public resented paying taxes that were spent on them and their children,[ many of whom received dukedoms or earldoms. The present Dukes of Buccleuch, Richmond, Grafton and St Albans descend from Charles in direct male line. Diana, Princess of Wales, was descended from two of Charles's illegitimate sons: the Dukes of Grafton and Richmond. Diana's son, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, second in line to the British Throne, is likely to be the first monarch descended from Charles II.
Lovelocks-A lock of hair hanging separately from the rest of the hair, as one tied with ribbon and worn by courtiers during the 17th and 18th centuries.
Posset-milk and beer mixture
The Shrine of the Three Kings is a reliquary said to contain the bones of the Biblical Magi, also known as the Three Kings or the Three Wise Men. The shrine is a large gilded and decorated triple sarcophagus placed above and behind the high altar of Cologne Cathedral. It is considered the high point of Mosan art and the largest reliquary in the western world.The alleged "relics of the Magi" were originally situated at Constantinople, but brought to Milan by Eustorgius I, the city's bishop, in 344. The relics of the Magi were taken from Milan by Holy Roman Emperor Fredrick Barbarossa and given to the Archbishop of Cologne, Rainald of Dassel in 1164
.... St. Catherine plum is the fruit used for producing the famous pruneaux de Tours, ...
Sparver-bed-.... bed curtain suspended from a flat, circular covering on the ceiling.
Tertian Ague-denoting a form of malaria causing a fever that recurs every second day: tertian fever
The common benign tertian malaria (or tertian ague)
Kick´shaws` Something fantastical. Any trifling, trumpery thing. A toy. Charles fancied "French Kickshaws" (Women)
Canary-a rum drink from the Canary islands
Capuchin is a monkey.
anchorets-- a person who lives in seclusion, esp a religious recluse; hermit [from Medieval Latin
It was said that when Charles was born in 1630 he was nicknamed the Black Boy by his mother, Queen Henrietta Maria, because of his dark and swarthy appearance
He died without an official heir on 6 February, 1685 after a brief illness and was succeeded by his brother, King James II. He was the most beloved of all the Kings in the line of the Stuarts.
Black King of England
According to the annals of the english monarch:
Charles’ appearance was anything but English, with his sensuous curling mouth, dark complexion, black hair and dark brown eyes, he much resembled his Italian maternal grandmother, Marie de Medici’s side of the family. During his escape after the Battle of Worcester, he was referred to as ‘a tall, black man’ in parliamentary wanted posters.
One of the nick-names he acquired was the black boy His height, at six feet two inches, probably inherited from his Danish paternal grandmother, Anne of Denmark, also set him apart from his contemporaries in a time when the average Englishman was far smaller than today.
English Pubs
All English pubs named the Black boy are named after Charles II due to the swarthy and dark colour of his complexion.
Modern European painters try to hide the racial identity of this jolly King.
1. Commissioned by Charles II, Frances Stewart’s
portrait was immortalised as the symbol for
Britannia, complete with helmet and trident, and
was used on British coinage for three centuries
until decimalisation in 1971.
2. Barbara Villiers, Charles II’s greediest mistress, was
given St James’s Park and Green Park in London to
add to her fortune. She tried to add Phoenix Park in
Dublin to this list but was prevented from doing so
by the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.
3.The Dutch gave Charles II one of their New
World territories (New Amsterdam). Charles
renamed it New York, after his brother, the Duke
of York.
4. Charles II was responsible for the foundation of
the Royal Greenwich Observatory in 1675.
Designed by Christopher Wren, it was established
to provide navigational information to sailors.
5.The Royal Hospital for war veterans at Chelsea
was founded by Charles II. It was Nell Gwynn who
campaigned for a hospital for war veterans after
coming across an old soldier begging in the street.
The building was designed by Christopher Wren
and the foundation stone was laid in 1682 by the
King himself.
6. Queen Catharine was responsible for
popularising tea-drinking in England.When she first
arrived in Portsmouth on 13 May 1662, she asked
for a cup of tea.This baffled the English as the drink
was barely known at this time; the national
beverage was ale.
7. On Charles’s Restoration, cultural life blossomed
after years of Puritan repression, and actresses
appeared on the professional stage for the first
time in the history of English theatre.This, like
many others, was an innovation brought from
France by Charles’s returning courtiers.
8. Pubs across England called The Black Boy are
generally named after Charles. It was an early
nickname for him (coined by his mother) because
of the darkness of his skin and eyes.
9. Charleston in South Carolina was named after
Charles II. In April 1670, colonists landed on the
Western bank of the Ashley River, five miles from
the sea, and named the settlement Charles Town in
his honour.
10. Charles is often credited with popularising both
Champagne-drinking and yachting in England. His
first racing yacht was called Jamie after his
illegitimate son, the Duke of Monmouth, and his last
was called Fubbs, his nickname for his mistress,
Louise de Kéroualle. Fubbs is an old English word
for chubby.
sFrom exile in France, Charles
attempted to save his condemned father by sending
a signed blank sheet of paper to Parliament, inviting
the Government to write on it whatever terms
would save his father’s life.
After his father’s execution in 1649, Charles was
proclaimed King of Scotland and some parts of
England and Ireland at Scone in 1651, after he
agreed to make Presbyterianism the religion of
England and Scotland.Two years later, he invaded
England and fought Cromwell at the Battle
of Worcester.
Heavily defeated, he once again fled to France,
where he lived the existence of a virtual pauper,
eventually moving to Germany and then the
Spanish Netherlands.
In 1660, Charles’s restoration to the Throne was
engineered by General George Monck, an English
soldier who had fought for Cromwell, but who had
come to realise the importance of the Monarchy in
rebuilding the country, which had fallen into
anarchy on Cromwell’s death. Charles rode into
London on his birthday, 29 May, in 1660.The King’s
desire for religious toleration (due in large part to
his leanings toward Roman Catholicism) was
overwhelmed by the new Parliament. Royalist in
nature, they passed the Clarendon Code, which
ensured Anglicanism as the state religion and
threatened non-conformists. Charles II tried to
increase religious tolerance with his Declaration of
Indulgence, but was forced to withdraw it.
Catharine of Braganza, the daughter of the King of Portugal, married Charles II in
1662.The marriage failed to produce an heir but they remained close friends. After the
death of Charles II in February 1685, Catharine returned to Portugal, where she died
in 1705.
NEAT'S TONGUE: an ox-tongue.