The Civil War is an essential read in American history, and interestingly, much can be gleaned and give to modern perspectives on contemporary political affairs, global and American, today.
War appears to be a raw deal for regular people, and the American Civil War is certainly no exception, but provides a great example of how that is so. Consider this: the confederacy, fighting for state rights (and especially the right to hold slaves) instituted the first draft in American history. People were conscripted to fight a gruesome war where they were likely to die slowly on a battlefield with a wound that would leave them there for days. But, the people drafted to fight were not slaveholders! Slaveholders were exempt from draft. How about that? The people called to and forced to fight a war about slavery were poor people, not plantation owners, and the people the war was fought for didn't have to fight! Such is a sad reality of much war... People with money and power sacrifice people without money and power for their own gain. State rights indeed...
This inequality in conscription however, was not limited fully to the south. Later, the union opened its own conscription, and while northerners weren't slaveholders, if they had enough money, they could buy their way out of being drafted. Again, those with money don't have to fight. Those without money do have to fight.
Were people gleeful to be drafted? Not exactly. In the union there were riots in several major cities. In Manhattan, mobs of Irish, who faced some discrimation themselves, were none too happy to fight a war to end slavery. They took out their rage by.... Burning down black neighborhoods, including church buildings, and lynching black people. (These rioters don't represent most people who were drafted, nor most Irish Americans I'm sure, but are worth noting.)
The income tax was established during the Civil War. Here is where it was born. And like most taxes, it never went away. Sort of an interesting thing to realize.
After the war, it has become popular to perpetuate the myth that the civi war was mostly about state rights, not about slavery. But, this is simply not true. Secession happened after the election of Abraham Lincoln, someone who aimed to stop the spread of slavery. The secession effort began shortly after his election in reaction to it and the implications toward slavery in specific.
It is actually mildly ironic that the confederacy would form in reaction to Lincoln. Lincoln was not originally an abolitionist, at least not officially. In fact, in the early parts of the war, slaves who escaped to the north were.... Sent back to their slave holders. Abraham Lincoln was behind this decision, and had even punished other leaders with forced resignation when they failed to obey this instruction. Abraham Lincoln had even said he'd rather the union be preserved with slavery than lose the states over slavery. As things shifted, obviously his position became bolder, eventually declaring the emancipation of all slaves. But in the early parts of the war, this was not the plan.
What can be made of General Sherman's "peeling" of the soil, destroying all infrastructure, burning barns, houses, entire cities as he marched to Savannah? He believed it necessary to crush the southern people, to starve them of everything and destroy all function for civilians, if he was to crush the rebellion. Well, it eventually worked, but was it okay to declare total war and raze American cities to do so? Much of the southern rage toward the union, resentment which would go long past the war, was due to this total war policy. For decades after the war, much of the South would be ripe for exploitation, with poverty and stagnation and economic dependency. This was not good for anyone, least of all black people who would suffer the rage and wrath of "new regimes of White supremacy."
About white supremacy.. The argument that the confederacy was about state rights more than slavery can be approached with a number of interesting events. The south didn't allow black people to fight in the war until the very end. This was because they believed blacks to be inferior, and thought also that if blacks were allowed to fight, then how could slavery be justified. The north however, ended up with as much as 1/5 of its military to toward the end of the war made up of black soldiers. (Worth noting they were paid $10/month compared with the white man's $13.) Little doubt that the decision to allow black people to fight for the union army helped win the war.
Interestingly and appallingly, when union soldiers were forced to surrender in certain battles, whites were allowed to. The saying was "save the whites, kill the [racist term against black people.]" They would keep white prisoners but bludgeon the surrendering blacks to death. The war, whether Lincoln intended for it to be this way or not, was most definitely about race and slavery for the south, more than any other state rights. State rights, ironically, were far less during the war for the confederate states, forced to pay taxes they didn't want to pay, forced to fight when people didn't want to, and as was the case up north, there was a suspension in many cases of habeas corpus.
The war was a true tragedy. So much slaughter. People were so happy for it to end, to an extent on both sides. And then an egomaniac actor brought the nation more pain. John Wilkes Booth, a "feverish supporter of slavery and white supremacy" got his vengeance on Lincoln, which was the first time a US president was murdered in American history. It brought so much additional pain to everyone and ultimately accomplished nothing. The vision of Abraham Lincoln, and what might have been after the war, we were all robbed of. Who knows how much different American history would have played out if the unusually great leader, Abraham Lincoln, had been still alive. One can't help but feel rage even today, realizing how much harm Booth caused the nation and its legacy.
The book doesn't go too far in depth about the post years, but notes that they weren't so great. People were very burned out from the tragedy of such a brutal civil war. The absolutism of abolitionism had been watered way down for pragmatism and compromise. Often, the compromises that came after the war undid much of what the Civil War should have been fighting for. Though black people were no longer slaves, the decades following the Civil War would be cruel to them with a lot of laws put in place to keep them down and make their lives miserable. There was great exploitation and unprecedented corruption in the politics that followed the Civil War. A shame that something so terrible couldn't have kept more principles in place, and protected against so much of the terrible things that were still to come.
Great book. Essential reading. I'm sure there are others in this vein. Maybe a better civil war book exists, but this one certainly provides a wonderful, detailed, and nuanced overview.