_Ghost Soldiers_ opens with a chilling account in January 1945 of an American POW camp inside the Japanese-held Philippine territory of Palawan. Home to 150 prisoners, under the ruse of an air raid, the prisoners were ordered into trenches to avoid an American air raid but instead of gaining shelter from bombs they were massacred with machine guns, grenades, or burned alive with aviation fuel. Those that did manage to escape the deadly trenches were hunted down in the jungle and along the beaches; in all, thanks in part to native Filipino help, six men managed to escape the camp and make it to American lines where they told their grim tale.
As American forces were poised to retake the Philippines, would other massacres occur, or was this an isolated incident? Would it be standard operating procedure for Japanese forces to terminate POWs rather than allowing them to be liberated?
American intelligence was aware of a POW camp near the city of Cabanatuan that housed 513 American, British, and Allied POWs, largely remaining survivors from the infamous Bataan Death March after the American loss of the Philippines, the largest surrender in American history. The camp had once held 8,000 prisoners, but disease had taken a toll as well as the fact that in the months preceding most able-bodied prisoners had been sent on ships to Japan or Japanese-held territories to work as slave labor. What was left at Cabanatuan were "the dregs, the sickest and the weakest," the "ghosts of Bataan" as the prisoners called themselves; an "elite of the damned" that were too starved, weak, and/or sick to prove useful to the retreating Japanese. Located close to 30 miles behind enemy lines, could they be rescued before they were massacred?
Fearing time was rapidly running about for these men who had languished in the camp for close to three years, on January 28, 1945 121 specially selected troops from the as yet still largely untested U.S. Army 6th Ranger Battalion, 10 Alamo Scouts, and 280 Filipino guerillas set out on foot to go deep behind enemy lines and liberate the prisoners. Working with numerous source materials, including interviews with survivors (including living Rangers, ex-POWs, and Japanese soldiers), author Hampton Sides put together a vivid narrative of the bold mission, a mission that was much lauded in the day but was quickly eclipsed by later events such as the invasion of Iwo Jima and the bombing of Hiroshima, an epic tale perhaps not that well known to today's readers. He did a good job portraying the personalities of several of the Rangers, notably Lieutenant Colonel Henry Mucci, commanding officer of the 6th Ranger Battalion, Captain Robert Prince, the assault commander of the Ranger raid on Cabanatuan, and Dr. Jimmy Fisher, the Ranger battalion surgeon.
Sides not only recounted the rescue mission; in alternating chapters he detailed the experiences of those who endured the Bataan Death March, from their initial surrender, the March itself (grimly referred to as the "Hike" by the POWs), to their various experiences in the prisoner camps up to their liberation. Much of this, particularly their time on Bataan prior to its fall, the Death March, and their first camp, Camp O'Donnell (the latter was extremely macabre and disturbing, a place where scores died daily), made for very grim reading. It is one thing for someone to rattle off a list of tropical diseases, but another thing entirely to read first hand what amebic dysentery, cerebral malaria, beriberi, and diphtheria can do to a person; these and other disease ran through the prisoners' ranks like wildfire, the prisoners particularly vulnerable owing to their near starvation levels of diets and sometimes near complete lack of vitamins and minerals (indeed a number would go blind and suffer other maladies from a lack of such nutrients, something sympathetic Filipino insurgents would try to combat at Cabanatuan by smuggling in when they could such things as fruit juice).
I found it particularly interesting that Sides tried to present a balanced picture of the Bataan Death March. While in no way whitewashing some of the petty cruelty, torture, and outright murder of not only American and Filipino prisoners but even in some cases Filipino bystanders who sought to merely give food and water to the marching prisoners, he does try to show that the horrid conditions of the March were more due in part to bad planning rather than malice. General Masaharu Homma had sought to prepare for the evacuation of the POWs months earlier; having foreseen that this would be a huge logistical problem, he prepared a place called Camp O'Donnell, a former training installation of the Philippine Army located about 75 miles north of Bataan's tip, as a way station for the prisoners. Homma thought that those prisoners who were healthy enough would march, the rest riding in vehicles - marching no more than ten miles a day - and taking a 25 mile train ride for the last leg of the journey.
In reality the plan was massively flawed. Homma estimated 25,000 Filipino and American prisoners; in reality there were almost 100,000, which made the amount of food, vehicles, and other supplies planned for completely inadequate. Further, the Japanese were surprised at just how weak the American prisoners turned out to be, how close to starvation many of them were; this combined with the fact that the largely mechanized American army was not used to the amount and level of marching that the Japanese soldier daily endured produced a true humanitarian nightmare. The trek north to Camp O'Donnell took about a week for the average prisoner, yet owing to the huge numbers of prisoners and their widespread distribution the Japanese needed three weeks to finish the evacuation, during which time 750 Americans and 5,000 Filipinos died, with a further 1,500 Americans and 15,000 Filipinos dying at horrid Camp O'Donnell.
An excellent and stirring book, at times grim, exciting, and even humorous.