While anthropology is an interest of mine, I've mostly read about less complex societies. I decided to read up on the Aztecs after coming across an internet debate over who was worse: the Aztecs or the Spanish?
I realized that I only knew two things about the Aztecs: they practiced extensive human sacrifice, and they were a complex, highly evolved society. But I had no idea what either of those things meant.
This book is an excellent primer if you want to learn more about the Aztecs. It's a primer because the information is fairly superficial; it's clear the author is drawing from more primary sources than he had time to elaborate on. The result is more of a 40,000ft view. There are many chapters addressing various aspects of a society -- their social classes, their childrearing practices, their economy, and of course, religion.
Religion is addressed immediately because of the elephant in the book; we all want to know about the human sacrifice stuff. It turns out to include cannibalism, btw, not just constant, ongoing killing. And there's some even grosser stuff with flaying and wearing the victim's skin. Not like a cape -- like a full costume. Clearly, what we think of as universal taboos are not.
The author does a good job explaining how Aztec religion creates this ongoing obligation to feed the gods. He also did an amazing job walking you through the *experience* of several religious ceremonies, so you could witness the drama of the ceremony and feel the tension and relief of the Aztec people, and the giddy high of knowing the world would continue another year.
He even takes a quick stab at the question "who was worse?"
I was surprised that he never compares the Mexicas to the Romans. I'm no expert, but the highly evolved, stratified society with an ever-expanding military operation and enormous feats of art and architecture seem like easy parallels. Both also teemed with excess humanity, which they culled through ritual sacrifice. The Romans just called it "gladiators" and marketed it as entertainment for the masses. In both cases, the mass killings were public and publicly-sanctioned executions of war captives.
It's really amazing what people will agree to if you spin it the right way.