Conceived originally as a serious presentation of the development of philosophy for Catholic seminary students, Frederick Copleston's nine-volume A History Of Philosophy has journeyed far beyond the modest purpose of its author to universal acclaim as the best history of philosophy in English.
Copleston, an Oxford Jesuit of immense erudition who once tangled with A.J. Ayer in a fabled debate about the exiatenceof God and the possibility of metaphysics, knew that seminary students were fed a woefully inadequate diet of theses and proofs, and that their familiarity with most of history's great thinkers was reduced to simplistic caricatures. Copelston sets out to redress the wrong by writing a complete history of Western philosophy, one crackling with incident and intellectual excitement - and one that gives full place to each thinker, presenting his thought in a beautifully rounded manner and showing his links to those who went before and to those who came after them.
Frederick (Freddie) Charles Copleston was raised an Anglican and educated at Marlborough College from 1920 to 1925. Shortly after his eighteenth birthday he converted to Catholicism, and his father subsequently almost disowned him. After the initial shock, however, his father saw fit to help Copleston through his education and he attended St. John’s in Oxford in 1925, only managing a disappointing third in classical moderations. He redeemed himself somewhat with a good second at Greats in 1929.
In 1930 Copleston became a Jesuit, and, after two years at the Jesuit novitiate in Roehampton, he moved to Heythrop. He was ordained a Jesuit priest at Heythrop College in 1937 and soon after went to Germany (1938) to complete his training. Fortunately he made it back to Britain before the outbreak of war in 1939. The war made it impossible for him to study for his doctorate, as once intended, at the Gregorian University in Rome, and instead Copleston was invited to return to Heythrop to teach the history of philosophy to the few remaining Jesuits there.
While in Heythrop Copleston had time and interest to begin the work he is most famous for, his "A History of Philosophy" - a textbook that originally set out to deliver a clear account of ancient, medieval and modern philosophy in three volumes, which was instead completed in nine volumes (1975). To this day Copleston’s history remains a monumental achievement and stays true to the authors it discusses, being very much a work in exposition.
Copleston adopted a number of honorary roles throughout the remainder of his career. He was appointed Visiting Professor at Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, spending half of each year lecturing there from 1952 to 1968. He was made Fellow of the British Academy (FBA) in 1970, given a personal professorship from his own university (Heythrop, now re-established in the University of London) in 1972 and made an Honorary Fellow of St. John’s College, Oxford, in 1975. He was Visiting Professor at the University of Santa Clara between 1974 and 1982, and he delivered the Gifford Lectures at the University of Aberdeen between 1979 and 1981. His lectures were published under the title Religion and the One, and were largely a metaphysical tract attempting to express themes perennial in his thinking and more personal than in his history. Gerard J. Hughes notes Copleston as remarking "large doses of metaphysics like that certainly don’t boost one’s sales".
He received honorary doctorates from a number of institutions, notably, Santa Clara University, California, University of Uppsala and the University of St. Andrews (D.Litt) in later years. He was selected for membership in the Royal Institute of Philosophy and in the Aristotelian Society, and in 1993 he was made CBE.
Copleston’s personality saw him engage in the many responsibilities bestowed upon him with generous commitment and good humour.
شیوه نگارش کاپلستون نخ نما و کهنه است. قضاوت های گاه و بیگاه بدون توجیه آرای فلاسفه نیز دیگر رنگی ندارد. برای خواندن تاریخ فلسفه مگی و راسل بهترین گزینه به نظر می رسند.
The sixth volume of Copleston's history, and the last one I finished the first time I read these in college, so the last three will be for the first time. This volume covers the Enlightenment/Aufklärung (about 40% of the book, or part one in the old paperback edition which divided it into two books) with particular emphasis on Rousseau, and the philosophy of Kant (about 60%). The treatment of the Enlightenment was as fair as one could hope for from a Catholic priest who is obviously not sympathetic to their project, and the section of Kant was as clear as possible given that it was about Kant. When I read this the first time around, I hadn't yet read a lot of any of these philosophers, except Rousseau on the Social Contract and Kant's Prolegomena; since then I've read quite a bit, including Voltaire, Diderot, Lessing, most of Rousseau and all three of Kant's Critiques, as well as having taken a course that focused on the Critique of Pure Reason. The more I know about these figures the more impressed I am with Copleston's ability to summarize their positions. Otherwise, I won't repeat what I've said in my reviews of the first five books. No substitute for reading the actual philosophers, or even the more specialized secondary works, but still the best general history in English.
I've slowly been working through Copleston's history of philosophy series, reading about a book a year. This book is basically all about Kant. Sure there is a couple chapters covering a few other people and movements, but Kant is the focus. If you are looking to learn about philosophy, this book, like the series, will stretch you. That is, I would not put these books in the beginner category. Copleston gives an overview, but an in depth overiew (hence the nine volumes). Its probably the best you can do, short of actually reading the philosophers.
Kant tried to overcome the skepticism of Hume while at the same time avoiding the speculative theories of people like Descartes. For Kant, we do not have innate knowledge as we learn things through sense experience, but we do have the tools built into our minds to structure our experience. From there...well you'll have to read the book.
卢梭(1712-78)出生于日内瓦,非常敏感多疑,所以很难维系友谊,跟法国哲学家们(伏尔泰,Direrot等)后来闹翻了,跟休谟也闹翻了。在哲学史上地位显著。他认为人类意识(minds)的腐化程度随着科学艺术的提高而加深,换言之,文明程度越高道德越败坏。政权和政府的区别:前者有立法权,后者的功能是执法。立法者的首要职责是让法律顺从普遍意愿/民意(the general will),尽管实际操作中不一定能实现。而公民的职责是让自己的意愿顺从于普遍意愿。如果法律能够做到真正的顺从民意,那么遵纪守法的公民就是一个真正自由的人(for he obeys a law which expresses his own real will)。这段感觉有点绕圈子。(很难理解我的意见不同于多数派的意见这一事实如何能“证明”我就是错的。)社会契约中最重要的理论就是关于普遍意愿的。
普遍意愿不同于所有人的意愿,前者是基于共同利益,后者是所有意愿的总和。如何理解在社会状态下人被迫(to be forced)遵纪守法却反而更“自由”了?在这里,自由这个词的内涵和外延有所改变。这并非肤浅的文字游戏,因为当一个词被用于超出通常所包含的范围时往往值得警惕,比如后来罗伯斯庇尔号称Jacobins的意愿就是普遍意愿,革命政府是自由的专政。
德国启蒙运动。Frederick the Great(1712-86)虽然相信上帝但却是个自由思想者(曾邀请伏尔泰去普鲁士)。他对教育的重视使其成为德国启蒙运动领袖之一。
历史哲学的兴起过程中一个重要人物是意大利哲学家Vico(1688-1744)。他认为文明的最开端是当人类被电闪雷鸣驱赶到洞穴里时,他称之为“the age of gods” or “state of the families”;随后第二阶段出现了强者(部落首领)和弱者(农奴),“heroic states”产生,也被称为“the age of the heroes”;第三阶段民众反抗为自己争得更多权益,民主共和时代,“the age of men”。但这一阶段随着平等导致公众精神的衰落和世风日下,最终走向衰亡(比如罗马帝国)。一个循环过去再开始一个新的循环。在西方,基督教的诞生预示着神的时代,中世纪代表英雄的时代,而17世纪(哲学的世纪)是一个崭新的人的时代。他并不认为每个循环都会遵照特定的事件发展,更重要的是不同阶段的特性(mentality)。第一阶段的人被想象和情感(比如恐惧)支配。Vico强调诗歌和神话在研究早期宗教,道德,法律以及社会经济组织中的重要作用。历史让我们看到人的本性。在神的原始时代我们看到人的感观(sense),在英雄时代我们看到人的想象力(imagination),在人的时代我们看到人的理性(reason)。
康德(1724-1804)一生波澜不惊(东普鲁士一个小镇上不出名的大学教授)。57岁(1781)发表《纯粹理性批判》(第一本原创哲学作品)著作等身。作息及其规律。一般把他的哲学思想发展分成两个阶段:前批判阶段和批判阶段。也有人认为早期的科学著作(up to 1755,1756)应该另归为一个阶段。作者认为没这必要,因为对牛顿科学体系的认可一直延续在康德的思想中。
形而上学作为本性/天性(a natural disposition)是有价值的[可能性源于人类理性的本质,寻求对经验认知的知性统一,一种对不同形式的无条件统一(Ideas of an unconditioned unity in different forms)]. 但它不可能成为一门真正的科学(不可能提供关于纯粹可理解的现实的理论知识)。
Space is said to be ‘the form of all appearances of the external senses, that is, the subjective condition of sensibility, under which alone external intuition is possible for us.’ 所有外在物体都在空间中。Time is said to be ‘the form of the internal sense, that is, of the intuition of ourselves and of our internal state’. 时间和空间是感性(内感和外感)的直观形式(是先验的,并非从经验产生的概念),但只适用于事物(呈现给人的)外观,并不适用于现实本身。
知识是通过感性(sensibility)和知性(understanding)产生的。自然科学是可能的原因在于经验的对象必须满足特定的先验条件。“the principles of possible experience are then at the same time universal laws of Nature, which can be known a priori. And thus the problem contained in our second question, How is the pure science of Nature possible? has been solved.” (关于对象的)知识因此局限于现象现实(phenomenal reality)。
康德反驳了笛卡尔和Berkeley的唯心主义。只有在感知到外物时才意识到自我。“The consciousness of my own existence is at the same time an immediate consciousness of the existence of other things outside me.”
《道德形而上学的基础》开篇被广为引用。 'It is impossible to conceive of anything in the world, or indeed out of it, which can be called good without qualification save only a good will.' 不合格的善:比如外在拥有(财富等)可能被滥用,超凡的智力/理解力如果被用于犯罪那也不能称之为善。只有好的意愿(a good will)在任何情况下都是好的(不需要考核)。好的意愿是好的,不取决于产生的结果(比如幸福感),它的善来自于意愿本身。好的意愿康德定义为是为了履行职责而行动(act for the sake of duty),而履行职责意味着出于对法律的尊重,而不是出于自身的欲望(desire)或者喜好(inclination)。 康德认为每个理性人/意愿本身就是终点,而这一意愿是道德法律的基础/来源。这就是意愿的自主(autonomy)原则。他的道德观念受到卢梭的影响。
康德的《Opus Postumum》死后出版,未完成的作品。提到了人是连接世界和超越界的桥梁,人的道德生活体现了他的自由,从而也属于超越界。’Man (a being in the world) is at the same time a being which possesses freedom, a property which is outside the causal principles of the world but which nevertheless belongs to man.’ “There is thus a being above the world, namely the spirit of man.”
This volume is not as crystalline and satisfying as earlier volumes. Highlights include the brief discussion of the physiocrats and philosophes of the French Enlightenment. Copleston's explication of Kant is less illuminating and penetrating and sounds like a Christian apologia (to some extent) of Kant's revolutionary (and deleterious) "Copernican revolution".
أفضل أجزاء السلسلة على الإطلاق والذي احتلت فيه فلسفة كانط الجانب الأعظم، إذ شغلت أكثر من نصف الكتاب الذي تصل صفحاته في ترجمته العربية إلى الستمائة، وبالرغم من بعض أخطاء الترجمة العربية وبالرغم من سقوط ترجمة أكثر من ثلاثين صفحة- غاية في الأهمية - من النص الإنجليزي في الجزء الخاص بكانط، إلا أن الترجمة جاءت معقولة.
I was expecting more of a superficial survey of Kant's philosophy in this volume. Instead, Father Copleston reveals himself to have a deep knowledge of Kant and the intricacies of the debate related to his work. Coplestone discusses key problems and question in relation to Kant, specifically those having to do with the thing in itself. Can we talk of the thing in itself causing phenomena if causation is only supposed to be applied immanently within experience? Do the categories even have meaning when used to think of things in general, apart from the epistemic conditions of sensibility? Copleston handles these issues adroitly. He closes with a discussion of how Kant represents an evolution in philosophy away from being towards epistemology. At the same time, he is sensitive to Kant's continued commitment to a metaphysics through practical reason. Kant is not be taken as a logical positivist.
مفصل ترین کتاب تاریخ فلسفه در زبان فارسی به احتمال زیاد تاریخ فلسفه نوشته فردریک کاپلستون است که مرجع درسی دانشجویان فلسفه، و هم مرجع تدریس بسیاری از اساتید آنها، از دوره لیسانس تا دکترا است. دوره نه جلدی تاریخ فلسفه، به قلم چارلز کاپلستون، که به همت عده ای از مترجمان زبده به فارسی ترجمه شده است. مجموعه ای در دسترس خوانندگان فارسی زبان قرار می دهد که تا حد زیادی می توانند آنان را از متن های دیگر بی نیاز سازد، زیرا هدف نگارنده این بوده است که سیر تحول فلسفه را از آغاز تا اواخر قرن بیستم با زبانی ساده و روان برای خواننده تحصیل کرده معمولی بیان کند.
Read the section on Kant and summary of previous three volumes.
This was a good introduction to Kant’s life and works. I’m still trying to get my head around his metaphysics - perhaps because I don’t share the problems of pure rationalism or empiricism not being one.
I think I understand his ethics a bit more, and judge his moral system as the longest, most complex, convoluted, and complicated way to get back to the golden rule you will ever read.
من ورژن قدیمی کتاب که برای انتشارات دانشگاه شریفه و فقط ترجمه بزرگمهر هست رو خواندم شرح جامعی از کانت داره اما مهمترین مشکل کتاب ترجمه است. معادل گذاریهای کتاب با آنچه مرسوم است بسیاری متفاوت است. اما اگر کسی با ترمینولوژی کانت آشنایی داشته باشه و به پاورقی ها مراجعه کنه دچار مشکل نخواهد شد.