It doesn’t surprise me that there are academics who specialize in bees, but I would not have imagined there were so many of them. I lost track of how many specialists were cited in this book, but there must have been dozens, not even counting all the graduate students and PhD candidates scurrying around counting burrows and analyzing bee poop. The author of this book, Dr. Dave Goulson, is a bumblebee guy who loves his job and is a fount of knowledge about all things bee-y.
When people think about insect pollinators, it is honeybees that come to mind, but they service only one sector of plants. They are small and have short tongues, so they have to specialize, which means that “honeybees are absolutely hopeless at pollinating some crops such as runner beans or tomatoes, whilst they are good at pollinating others such as oilseed rape or kiwi fruit. Depending on their size, shape, behaviour and the length of their tongues, different bee species are suited to pollinating different types of flowers, and some plants are better pollinated by moths, or flies, or beetles.”
Another interesting fact is that there are an estimated 25,000 species of bees, though the number is declining fast because of humans, and the majority of them are solitary. Bumblebee nests last only one year. At the end of the summer fertilized queens fly out and burrow somewhere to try to survive the winter, and in the spring restart the cycle, but most nests will have only 50-400 bees. Once again, a comparison to honeybees is illuminating: “A single honeybee hive contains 50,000 workers or more, and it is common for beekeepers to put twenty hives in a single place – 1 million bees. A single honeybee nest harvests up to 60 kilograms of pollen and 150 kilograms of nectar per year. At high hive densities, honeybees can harvest up to 22,500 kilograms of honey per square kilometre.”
Tomatoes are pollinated by bumblebees worldwide. Except on mainland Australia, where each flower on every plant is individually pollinated by a person walking around with a vibrating wand to transfer pollen, an expensive and labor-intensive process. Why is this? Because Australia has had bad experiences with introduced species (think cane toads, rabbits, and feral cats) and has decided not to risk the unintended consequences of another one. As Dr. Goulson’s own research has shown, since bumblebees pollinate whatever flowers are available, they will happily do their part to increase the spread of unwanted plants such as weeds. There are, however, bumblebees in Tasmania, which “mysteriously” appeared. “Bumblebees had failed to cross from New Zealand to Tasmania for 100 or so years, but suddenly they managed to do so just after it was discovered that they had huge commercial value. Draw your own conclusions.” No one should be surprised if they also “mysteriously” appear soon in mainland Australia.
Another interesting biological fact is the bumblebees have very high metabolisms. “Hummingbirds are often thought of as having exceptionally high metabolic rates, but a bumblebee’s is roughly 75 per cent higher.” Therefore, “a bumblebee with a full stomach is only ever about forty minutes from starvation.”
Bee genetics is a fascinating subject, but too complex to summarize here. Goodreads no longer allows links to external websites, but an internet search for Haplodiploidy at bumblebee[DOT]org provides an interesting discussion. Basically, daughter bees are only 50% related to the their mother the queen, but they are 75% related to each other, which results in some interesting hive dynamics, especially toward the end of the season as male drones are produced.
Based on DNA comparisons, bees evolved from wasps about 130 million years ago, and the first ones were almost certainly solitairies. But wasps were and are predators, so “When the wasp eventually evolved to feed its offspring purely on pollen, it had become the first bee.”
Bees are in trouble today, as are insects generally. I was thinking about this last summer when I realized that it used to be that cleaning squashed bugs off the windshield was a regular bit of auto upkeep, but these days it rarely happens, and is notable on the few occasions it does. Given the importance of insects in the complex webs of life, allowing them to die off has potentially catastrophic consequences for humans. This book quotes biologist E.O. Wilson, who said “If all mankind were to disappear, the world would regenerate back to the rich state of equilibrium that existed ten thousand years ago. If insects were to vanish, the environment would collapse into chaos.”
Getting A Sting in the Tale was a spur of the moment decision for me, but I enjoyed it. It is written in a conversational style requiring no special knowledge of biology, and Dr. Goulson’s enthusiasm for his subject is apparent. I am going to put in some bee-friendly plants come the next planting season, and maybe I’ll get lucky. I often see honeybees and bumblebees buzzing around the privet bushes in my neighborhood, so maybe I can entice some into my backyard.