(Warning: This is a pretty long review; more of a labour of love than a love of long-windedness)
The real voyage of discovery consists not in seeking new landscapes, but in having new eyes. - Marcel Proust
If I were asked which writer in 2015 should get the maximum attention among serious classic readers, I would name ROBERT WALSER. So let me declare at least to myself 2015 as the year of Reading Robert Walser. It was couple of months ago, during my bath room reading of Elias Canetti’s amazing book “The Human Province” (Well, this is that has solidly stayed with me for 20 years and one which I constantly return to) that I read a short reference to Robert Walser. I would like to reproduce a part of it below:
Robert Walser’s special characteristic as a writer is that he never formulates his motives. He is the most camouflaged of all writers. He is always well off, he is always delighted by everything. But his enthusiasm is cold, since it leaves out one part of himself, and that is why it is sinister. For him, everything is external nature, and the essential thing about it, its innermost being, fear, was something he denied all his life.
His writings are an unflagging attempt at hushing his fear. He escapes everywhere before too much fear gathers in him (his wandering life), and to save himself, he often changes into something subservient and small. His deep and instinctive distaste for everything “lofty” , for everything that has rank and privilege, makes him an essential writer of our time, which is choking on power. One hesitates calling him a “great” writer according to normal usage, nothing is so repugnant to him as “greatness”. It is only the brilliance of greatness to which he submits, and not its demand. His pleasure is to contemplate the brilliance without taking part in it. One cannot read him without being ashamed of everything that was important to one in external life, and thus he is a particular saint, not one according to outmoded and deflated prescriptions.
Imagine the shame a serious reader has when he discovers Kafka for the first time at the age of 50 and that is what I felt when I read Robert Walser. How come none of my trusted literary friends ever spoke to me about him? Are they also equally ignorant about this writer as I am? I am now in a feverish state of mind to devour everything he has written to make up for the lost time. I started with “Berlin Stories” and then immediately moved to this collection, which I believe is the best introductory book for anyone who wants to have a flavor of this truly great and original writer.
Robert Walser (1878–1956) was born into a German-speaking family in Biel, Switzerland. He left school at fourteen and led a wandering, precarious existence while writing his poems, novels, and vast numbers of the “prose pieces” that became his hallmark. In 1933 he was confined to a sanatorium, falsely diagnosed as schizophrenic, and he lived there for the rest of the 23 years till his death on a snow track while out on one of his usual long walks, on Christmas Day, in 1956.
During his stay in the sanatorium, Robert Walser continued to write many of his manuscripts in a highly enigmatic, shrunken-down form written with tiny ant-like pencil markings a millimeter high, came to light only after the author’s death . The microscripts were in time discovered to be a radically miniaturized form of antique German script: a whole story was deciphered on the back of a business card. Christopher Middleton and Susan Bernofsky, two ardent proponents of Walser, painstakingly translated most of his stories including the microscripts during this decade.
This selection of stories, fluidly translated by the poet Christopher Middleton, carries an elegant introduction by Susan Sontag. Perhaps the following statement of Sontag marks the right place for Walser in the literary history:
Anyone seeking to bring Walser to a public that has yet to discover him has at hand a whole arsenal of glorious comparisons. A Paul Klee in prose—as delicate, as sly, as haunted. A cross between Stevie Smith and Beckett: a good-humored, sweet Beckett. And, as literature’s present inevitably remakes its past, so we cannot help but see Walser as the missing link between Kleist and Kafka, who admired him greatly.
Most of the stories in the story fall half way between essay and fantasy. Instead of using plot, Walser links events, transforming everything and anything into an art best described as a kind of ‘tamed surrealism’. Dreamlike juxtapositions and humorous asides abound to suggest the discontinuity of both the character’s and the author’s personality and the world. Right after the preface by Susan Sontag, there is a quote by Walser about what kind of writer he is:
I am a kind of artisan novelist. A writer of novellas I certainly am not. If I am well-disposed, that’s to say, feeling good, I tailor, cobble, weld, plane, knock, hammer, or nail together lines the content of which people understand at once. If you liked, you could call me a writer who goes to work with a lathe. My writing is wallpapering. One or two kindly people venture to think of me as a poet, which indulgence and manners allow me to concede. My prose pieces are, to my mind, nothing more nor less than parts of a long, plotless, realistic story. For me, the sketches I produce now and then are shortish or longish chapters of a novel. The novel I am constantly writing is always the same one, and it might be described as a variously sliced-up or torn-apart book of myself. (Robert Walser)
What attracts the reader to even the smallest pieces in this collection is that you find a gleam of truth in many sentences that is borne out of a torrid exposure and observation of life. Like a sponge, he absorbs and reproduces the quirky behavior of his fellow beings with utmost candor and clarity. Never does he attempt to grumble or taint his observations with abstruse philosophical meanderings and irony is rarely encountered.
The erratic oddity of his comic and anecdotal yet deeply disquieting prose is felt from the beginning. The book opens with an interesting expressionistic piece titled, “Response to a Request”. "It is a monologue by a pantomime actor which starts out mild and closes on a mad scream. Walser worked as a bank clerk, a butler in a castle, and an inventor's assistant before discovering what William H. Gass calls his "true profession." His frustration with clerkly existence is evident in the deadpan but thoroughly hilarious story “Job Application”:
Esteemed Gentlemen,
I am a poor, young, unemployed person in the business field, my name is Wenzel, I am seeking a suitable position, and I take the liberty of asking you, nicely and politely, if perhaps in your airy, bright, amiable rooms such a position might be free. . . . Large and difficult tasks I cannot perform, and obligations of a far-reaching sort are too strenuous for my mind. I am not particularly clever, and first and foremost I do not like to strain my intelligence overmuch. . . . Assuredly there exists in your extensive institution, which I imagine to be overflowing with main and subsidiary functions and offices, work of the kind that one can do as in a dream?—I am, to put it frankly, a Chinese; that is to say, a person who deems everything small and modest to be beautiful and pleasing, and to whom all that is big and exacting is fearsome and horrid.
Walser is adept in switching from sweetness to sarcasm and back to sweetness again as in the case above. I had thought that the most expressive expression of ‘angst’ begins with Kafka. It is now a well-known fact that Kafka was deeply influenced by Walser and perfected it in many of his wonderful novels and stories. Perhaps such anxiety, as seen in Walser, must be embedded in our DNA, in the memory of our blood, as the ancient response to the grand pulse of life.
What is distinctive about this artless artist is his sharp observation of the inconsequential. He is not only a chronicler of the ordinary but one who sees extraordinary merits in the mundane things and derives a peculiar pleasure from it. His writings are unpretentious to the core and every sentence carries a whiff of oxygen. As William Gass said- "To his eye, everything is equal; to his heart, everything is fresh and astonishing; to his mind, everything presents a pleasant puzzle. Diversion is his principal direction, whim his master, the serendipitous substance of his daily routine."
Walser spent a good deal of his life on foot and in no hurry. “The Walk”, the longest story of about 43 pages, is a cardinal piece in this collection and is a marvelous piece of writing I have come across in recent times. The reader can perhaps start right away with this piece as it contains all the characteristic traits and techniques of Walser. As Bernofsky remarks, “The Walk is an episodic comedy with darkness at the edges, its gravity becoming apparent only gradually as one follows the narrator’s perambulations.”
The Walk starts as a normal walk through a rustic country side in a provincial Swiss town. Along the way he encounters a professor, a “foremost authority” and “incontrovertible power in person” whose mouth is “juridically clamped tight”; a bookseller who offers him, upon request, a “universally admired, thunderously applauded masterpiece” ; a bank clerk who informs him that a group of benefactors has credited his account with a considerable sum, an “alleviation of a delicate nature”, that he most assuredly needs; an encounter with a gaudy Bakery shop which he describes as “such golden inscriptional barbarities, which impress upon our rustic surrounds the seal of greed, moneygrubbing, and a miserable coarsening of the soul”. He then bumps into a giant named Tomzack who crosses his path, an outcast from whose eyes “there broke a glare of grief from underworlds and overworlds, and indescribable pain spoke from each of his slack and weary movements.” He then takes a halt at his benefactress Frau Abei’s home who serves him with an overabundant lunch and, in an absurd scene that reminds one of Ionesco, continues to press and finally threaten to eat even after he’s well past the bursting point, assuring him that “there is no possibility that you will leave this table before you have eaten up and polished off everything that I have cut, and will cut, off for you”. This is followed by a stop at post office to send a mail filled with diatribe to an important personality. He then visits his tailor who stitches , in his opinion, a disproportionate coat and describes him as a tailor completely saturated with a sense of his own efficiency. All through this walk, he pleads the reader to be patient and excuse him for his long-winded dialogues. There is a kind hypersensitivity in many of his comments and reactions evoked during the walk. The funny thing is that the narrator who vents a fulsome dialogue can immediately shrink into a mouse and plead with groveling humility and self-effacement. I cite the following passage when he enters the bookshop:
“May I,” I asked with diffidence, “take a moment to acquaint myself with, and taste the qualities of, the most sterling and serious, and at the same time of course also the most read and most quickly acknowledged and purchased, reading matter? You would pledge me in high degree to unusual gratitude were you to be so extremely kind as to lay generously before me that book which, as certainly nobody can know so precisely as only you yourself, has found the highest place in the estimation of the reading public, as well as that of the dreaded and thence doubtless flatteringly circumvented critics, and which further-more has made them merry. You cannot conceive how keen I am to learn at once which of all these books or works of the pen piled high and put on show here is the favorite book in question, the sight of which in all probability, as I must most energetically suppose, will make me at once a joyous and enthusiastic purchaser. My longing to see the favorite author of the cultivated world and his admired, thunderously applauded masterpiece, and, as I said, probably also at once to buy the same, aches and ripples through my every limb. May I most politely ask you to show me this most successful book, so that this desire, which has seized my entire being, may acknowledge itself gratified, and cease to trouble me?” “Certainly,” said the bookseller. (The Walk)
There is great sadness and loneliness in the stories of Walser and in the midst of an animated narrative, he can suddenly slip in heart breaking prose. The Walk itself takes a somber turn towards the end when the narrator himself ponders on his wasted life at the end his walk, which is metaphorically a walk through his life:
I felt the need to lie down somewhere, and since a friendly, cozy little place by the lakeside was nearby, I made myself comfortable, somewhat tired as I was, on the soft ground under the artless branches of a tree. As I looked at earth and air and sky the melancholy unquestioning thought came to me that I was a poor prisoner between heaven and earth, that all men were miserably imprisoned in this way, that for all men there was only the one dark path into the other world, the path down into the pit, into the earth, that there was no other way into the other world than that which led through the grave. “So then everything, everything, all this rich life, the friendly, thoughtful colors, this delight, this joy and pleasure in life, all these human meanings, family, friend, and beloved, this bright, tender air full of divinely beautiful images, houses of fathers, houses of mothers, and dear gentle roads, must one day pass away and die, the high sun, the moon, and the hearts and eyes of men.” For a long time I thought of this, and asked those people whom perhaps I might have injured to forgive me. For a long time I lay there in unclear thought, until I remembered the girl again, who was so beautiful and fresh with youth, and had such soft, good, pure eyes. I vividly imagined how charming was her childish, pretty mouth, how pretty her cheeks, and how with its melodious sweetness her bodily form had enchanted me, how I had asked her a question a while ago, how in her doubt and disbelief her lovely eyes had looked away, and how she had said no when I asked her if she believed in my sincere love, affection, surrender, and tenderness. The situation had obliged her to travel, and she had gone away. Perhaps I would still have had time to convince her that I meant well with her, that her dear person was important to me, and that I had many beautiful reasons for wanting to make her happy, and thus myself happy also; but I had thought no more of it, and she went away. Why then the flowers? “Did I pick flowers to lay them upon my sorrow?” I asked myself, and the flowers fell out of my hand. I had risen up, to go home; for it was late now, and everything was dark.
The second most impressive piece that I would rate in this collection is titled, “ Kleist in Thun”. In this one, the narrator imagines to himself how the Prussian writer Heinrich von Kleist, then twenty-five, might have lived during the spring and summer of 1802 in a villa on a small island in the Aar River near the town of Thun. Susan Sontag in her introduction states, Wasler often writes from the point of view of a casualty of the romantic visionary imagination. Kleist is overwhelmed and disturbed by his own response to what appears to him as the artificiality of his surroundings, as though it were from a photo album. The changes in the weather and the seasons are portrayed as Kleist struggles with his own historical writings which he is forced to destroy over and over. This piece portrays with sensitivity Kleist's struggle for the peaceful moments when he can feel again the outright happiness of a child. The final passages in this story are deeply affecting.
Some remarkable stories in this collection like “A Little Ramble” and “She-owl” are limited to just a page. Here is a short endearing piece where a she-owl monologues on her life:
“People say I’m ugly. If they only knew what smiles I feel in my soul, they’d not run from me in fright any more. Yet they don’t see into the interior, they stop at the body, the clothes. Once I was young and pretty, I might say, but that makes it sound as if I pine for the past, and that is not my way. The she-owl, who once practiced growing big, endures the course and change of time tranquilly, she finds herself in every present moment.”( She-owl)
Reading a piece like "Helbling's Story" suggests what in Walser Kafka must have found so intriguing: ""I think that one listens to the murmur of the soul only because of boredom. When I stand in the office, my limbs slowly turn to wood, which one longs to set fire to, so that it might burn: desk and man, one with time." The “Ballon story” is another arresting one. One amazingly tender tale in this collection is titled “Frau Wilke”. It is about the relationship between a poor young poet and an older woman who lets him a furnished room and shortly afterward falls ill. The woman is completely alone, with nothing to eat, and no one to care for her. The narrator comes to realize that he is her only link to humankind. Very little happens. Then she dies:
One afternoon soon after her death, I entered her empty room, into which the good evening sun was shining, gladdening it with rose-bright, gay and soft colors. There I saw on the bed the things which the poor lady had till recently worn, her dress, her hat, her sunshade and her umbrella, and, on the floor, her small delicate boots. The strange sight of them made me unspeakably sad, and my peculiar state of mind made it seem to me almost that I had died myself, and life in all its fullness, which had often appeared so huge and beautiful, was thin and poor to the point of breaking. All things past, all things vanishing away, were more close to me than ever. For a long time I looked at Frau Wilke’s possessions, which now had lost their mistress and lost all purpose, and at the golden room, glorified by the smile of the evening sun, while I stood there motionless, not understanding anything anymore. Yet, after standing there dumbly for a time, I was gratified and grew calm. Life took me by the shoulder and its wonderful gaze rested on mine. The world was as living as ever and beautiful as at the most beautiful times. I quietly left the room and went out into the street. (Frau Wilke)
Although Walser’s style is, at first glance, comic, even farcical, his comedy serves a double purpose. It lightens the satirical thrust of his fiction and protects, in art if not in real life, his all too vulnerable characters from a world they perceive as a threat. These characters are, like the stories themselves, odd and distinctly modern lot. They are comical and mythical as if from a fairy tale. His writes as if to obliterate every beautiful image that he carefully carves. As Walter Benjamin said of Walser: “The moment he takes a pen to hand, he is seized by a desperado mood. Everything seems lost to him, a gush of words comes pouring out in which each sentence has the sole purpose of rendering the previous one forgotten.”
Herman Hesee remarked on Walser –“If he had a hundred thousand readers, the world would be a better place.” I cannot endorse it more. It is a pleasure to encounter such a humble genius as Walser who openly confesses that he “breathes in the lower regions”. I pray the modern authors who pander power, popularity and publicity, including those in GR, listen to him.