The one and only economics class I ever took was in high school. It was one semester, and it was taught by a history teacher. Plus, it was taught to a class of mindless Catholic girls, some of whom were under the impression that Sarah Palin was the president (from the bottom of my heart, I wish I were making this up).
But here I am bumbling through the world with zero knowledge of a highly relevant topic, making an idiot out of myself whenever the topic comes up, or else avoiding it entirely and simpering like a loon until someone changes the topic.
What to do? Go to the library, of course.
This is my first “for dummies” book I’ve read, mostly because I felt insulted the entire time I was reading it, but it does exactly what it says it’s going to. Spells out complicated concepts for the feeble-minded among us.
By the way, I totally skipped over the microeconomics section (except the chapter on private vs. public healthcare) because I truly, sincerely don’t care how McDonalds and Burger King compete. I really do not. I know this is important and affects everything else, so I’m really glad other people can care, but my ability to give a fuck is zero. Absolutely zero.
Free Trade
Free trade is good because it encourages specialization, which in turn increases productivity and makes everybody happier. Being xenophobic and saying all countries should be independent helps no one so we shouldn’t do that. The end.
Recessions
Recessions happen because things called “shocks” (terrorist attacks/bad gov policy/natural disasters/spikes in price important resources like oil) cause changes in supply and demand. Lots of goods/services adjust easily to their new supply/demand but some things have “sticky” prices- more fixed- and they’re slow to adjust. They’re like the wet blanket of the party, they bring the rest of their buddies down. This causes the recession. (A guy named Keynes figured this out during the Great Depression. He’s like, the Name To Drop when it comes to econ apparently. Noted.) One very sticky thing: wages. Because people get pissed if you cut their wages. But if you can’t cut wages, you can’t cut the price of the things you sell. But if you do cut wages, productivity falls, and you produce less, you need to charge more for them. So they fire people. Higher unemployment, lower output for the country, worse recession. See the issue?
Solutions: Keynes endorses lots of government intervention to fix recessions instead of just letting them eventually fix themselves. He also thinks that instead of looking at the change in prices to figure out how much to produce, which is difficult with “sticky” prices, businesses should look at how fast their inventory disappears.
Government Intervention
Monetary policy= how much money the government prints to influence the economy. Fiscal policy= tax laws and legislation and government spending that influence the economy. But they can only go so far in helping an economic recession. The government can influence peoples’ willingness to buy things (aggregate demand) by lowering taxes and whatnot, but they can’t change the level of output long term to be more than it would otherwise be. Because this requires people working more than they would normally be (either overtime, which requires higher wages, or getting people like retirees to work when they wouldn’t otherwise, which would also require higher wages to tempt them back to work). And that would make companies increase the cost of their good/service, which starts the whole cycle over again. Also, if people know about the stimulus plan from the government in advance, the plan won’t work and it’ll just go straight to inflation and won’t even temporary increase output. For some reason. That I didn’t quite catch. God I hate being stupid.
Governments can lower taxes or pay for lots of goods/services, but then they create a budget deficit (lots of debt). So you can only do this to a certain extent. (I imagine because a budget deficit somehow affects the weight of our money against another country’s money which affects inflation, but that could be nonsense. Please do not listen to me.) Also, what I’m getting from the description of the way the government pays off bonds to people is that it’s a gigantic Ponzi scheme. Except we call this “rolling over the debt.”
Healthcare
Private insurance (US before Obamacare): bought by individuals only. Has the problem of adverse selection, which means that people with preexisting conditions are more likely to pay for insurance, and they cost more, causing the company to raise prices, which makes healthy people more likely to drop out, which makes them raise it even more, and lose more healthy people to cover the cost of the unhealthy, and so forth. Solution: group insurance (through work or whatever) where companies are forced to buy insurance for ALL their employees, healthy and sick, hopefully ensuring enough healthy people to cover the costs of the unhealthy ones. Problem: this means not everyone gets healthcare.
Public insurance (Canada): government forces everyone to buy health insurance, so that there are enough healthy people to cover unhealthy people and distribute the costs, so no adverse selection issue. Problems: longer wait times.
No insurance (Great Britain): government supplies all health-care itself, from taxes, so also no issue with adverse selection. Problems: longer wait times.
US spends more of its money on healthcare than any other country, but its life expectancy and infant mortality is poorer than many. For example, Singapore has much higher life expectancy and lower infant mortality than the US but spends SUBSTANTIALLY less. Just above them is UK, and Canada falls somewhere between the UK and the US (suggesting that the more socialized healthcare is, the better it is, in terms of cost and quality).
Basically, Singapore got it right. First, they force hospitals to make public cost and quality statistics, so people can get the care they want for the price they’re willing to pay. They also require most people to pay out of pocket for most healthcare costs, paid for by Singapore’s mandated health savings accounts (takes 6% out of their income). However, if your health savings account runs dry, or you’re poor and don’t have enough income to have accumulated enough, the government subsidizes your healthcare. This system encourages people not to go to the doctor for silly things like colds, and so the system can devote its resources to serious cases, and also to innovating ideas that cut costs and increase healthcare quality.
Conclusions
I am sad to say, what I have just recounted for you is the most I’ve ever understood about the economy in my entire life. And, God willing, it will be all I will ever know, because this is hell on earth. And I never want to think about it again, when I could be spending my time on Kafka or law or philosophy or, God bless it, trashy teen sci-fi/fantasy. I leave this to more stalwart souls than mine. Four stars for the clarity of the explanation, not the entertainment factor.