If you take an entry-level course in psychology at most universities, you'll get a whole spiel about Freud, some passing mentions of Wundt and William James, and maybe a word about Maslow's hierarchy of needs. For Jung, they'll say a little about the collective unconscious and archetypes, but mostly gloss over him. You'll hear far more about Freud than Jung. As far as the history of psychology is concerned, Freud is Coke, Jung is Pepsi. Freud is considered (incorrectly in my opinion) the father of the whole discipline, and Jung is relegated to a secondary role.
As with most cases like this, the less mainstream option turns out to be the superior one. This text – my first experience with Jung – impacted me profoundly on both an intellectual and a personal level.
On an intellectual level, I'm astonished by Jung's mysticism. I was told that Jung was one of the founding figures of psychology, which is supposed to be a science. And yet, Jung does not sound like a scientist, or even a philosopher. He sounds more like a wizard pretending to be a scientist. When he talks about the depths of the human mind, he doesn't sound like a scientist explaining a theory of mental function. He sounds like a sage living deep in the forest, and oracle speaking of the hidden depths of the human soul.
Jung believes that the conscious mind is only part of the human psyche. Like Freud, he believes also in the unconscious. But for Freud, the unconscious was born of repression; growing up, we realize that some of our sexual and aggressive tendencies are not socially acceptable, so we repress them. Freud thinks that the only reason we have a subconscious is because we have to hide things in our mental basement. The basement was only created so we have a place to hide our bad sexual and aggressive urges. For Freud, consciousness comes first, and the unconscious is constructed as a place to hide things. The house is consciousness, but we dig out a basement to hide things in, and this basement is the subconscious.
For Jung, it's the other way around. The unconscious is like the soil that consciousness emerges from. Consciousness is like a tree, and the unconscious is like the soil the tree grows from. Jung thinks that animals and small children are already "unconscious", and that consciousness is an evolutionary stage that comes next. The deepest parts of us, our deepest hopes and fears, are like the roots of the tree of consciousness, reaching deep down into the mysterious depths. The unconscious isn't just some cellar where we can hide our baggage, a closet to keep our skeletons in; it is, rather, the source of meaning, of our deepest hopes and fears.
In summary: Freud thinks that the subconscious is a disgusting place, a mental toilet. For Jung, it's more like a treasure chest, or a cavern full of dragons and monsters and hidden jewels. Terrifying, yes, but also wonderful and mysterious. Religion, mythology, art, all of the things that are precious to us – all of these have their origin in the unconscious.
In a way, it's hard for me to summarize what I find so compelling about this text because the whole thing is compelling. I spent the whole time I was reading this nodding my head and going "Yep, yep, exactly, yes, precisely. Of course. Aha! I see. Yes, yes, yes..." I'll do my best, though.
First of all, a quick terminological note: Jung uses the word "psychic" to mean what most people mean by "psychological". He doesn't mean "psychic" in the sense of telepathy, although this is a little confusing because Jung does believe in things like telepathy and clairvoyance.
Jung begins by defining psychic energy. Again, he doesn't mean some magical wave that impacts things at a distance. Rather, Jung defines psychic energy as the product of tension. Jung believes that human beings can be divided against themselves; our minds are complex enough that we can be at odds with ourselves, fight ourselves, have internal conflicts, have drives and instincts that conflict with one another, want two things at the same time. When an inner conflict occurs, this is the source of psychic energy. The tensions within us are, in fact, the source of our energy. Our drives in life and our will to carry out plans and create things are rooted in the contradictions within us. I'm reminded of Nietzsche's aphorism: "One must still have chaos within oneself to give birth to a dancing star." The chaos that comes from our internal conflicts is the source of our creativity and our drive.
Moreover, we are not one thing. Consciousness, to Jung, is not unitary. Each complex and unconscious issue that we have is like a character that lives inside of us, a kind of subroutine in the program that is our minds. Each "sub-personality" makes its contribution and is part of the tapestry that defines the whole person. As Whitman says, "I am large; I contain multitudes." The complexes you have, your issues with your parents and events in your past and so on, are not merely objects within you. Each one is like a distinct personality unto itself.
That's the intellectual side of it. But on a personal level, this text impacted me deeply because it speaks to where I am at this point in my life. Jung makes the "Many – far too many – aspects of life which should also have been experienced lie in the lumber-room among dusty memories; but sometimes, too, they are glowing coals under grey ashes." In his essay on the stages of life, he says, "...if these persons had filled up the beaker of life earlier and emptied it... they would have kept nothing back, everything that wanted to catch fire would have been consumed, and the quiet of old age would be very welcome to them... For them, a prospect and a goal in the future is absolutely necessary." One of my personal issues is that I feel I did not live enough when I was young (I'm 33), and also feel that I didn't maximize my potential. This has been a burden to me over the past few years, and I'm currently at a crossroads in my life. If I don't want to be one of Jung's unexploded fireworks, I need to make some hard decisions, right now. Jung's perspective has been immensely helpful to me at this point in my life and I cannot recommend this text enough to people in a similar spot.
The final essay, on synchronicity, brings it all together. Synchronicity is a complex concept and I can't do it full justice in such a short review, but I'll do my best. The idea behind synchronicity is basically this: if you ask the question, "Is anything in the universe really 'coincidental'?" the answer is an emphatic "no". It's not so much that everything is ordained beforehand or that everything happens for a reason. It's more that everything is connected. There is no such thing as a meaningless coincidence. Jung uses the term "meaningful coincidence" to refer to synchronous phenomena.
For example, let's use a hypothetical situation. Let's suppose, hypothetically, that you're watching a comedian on TV, and you see a deck of playing cards on the coffee table in front of you. You pull the top card off the deck, and just as the comedian comes on TV, you realize that that card is the joker. This is synchronicity. Everything is connected to everything else.
Synchronicity is acausal, meaning it doesn't involve causality. This is very abstract, so pay close attention. Jung does not think that some mysterious power puts the joker on top of the deck of cards. He doesn't think that the presence of the comedian on television somehow influences the cards. Rather, he thinks that the whole universe is just "set up that way". It's not that some mysterious power is pulling the strings. It's just that the entire universe is connected like a big spiderweb, and everything has a deep connection to everything else. You pull on one corner of the web, and the entire thing moves. It's not that some mysterious force reaches out and arranges everything. It was all just deeply connected from the very beginning. It has to be this way. This isn't some paranormal woo. It's very similar to classical conceptions of destiny, or fate.
The essay on synchronicity pulls it all together because it gives the reader a fresh perspective on life. It is an invitation to stop ruminating and fretting, and instead allow oneself to "fall forward" in life, allowing for adventure and even fear but taking solace in the deeply-felt certainty that all things are connected.