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304 pages, Hardcover
First published November 1, 2013
As for me, I have no secrets. My goal as a baker has been to demystify baking for professional and home bakers [...] so everyone can enjoy high-quality, handcrafted breads.
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How is it that four very simple ingredients - flour, yeast, salt, and water - come together to make extraordinary bread? [...] [I]t does not occur in a vacuum. No matter the quality of your ingredients, you have to adapt to the weather. You shouldn't wait for the perfect day to make bread, but you do need to be aware of the elements because they can create magic - or mischief - in your dough.
(p.12, 15)
You will find my method of making a liquid levain on page 24.
(p.20)
Making and maintaining a natural sourdough starter is quite simple, but it does require some attention, because it must by fed and watered regularly, rather like having a pet. It is also important that it be kept in a warm environment, preferably one about 75°F to 80°F. If you follow these directions, you will have an active, viable, and flavor-producing starter that will live forever. [...]
Begin the starter with organic whole-wheat or rye flour and then switch to unbleached, unbromated white bread flour on the fourth day. [...] Once the natural sourdough has finished developing, cover it and let it stand in a warm (75°F to 80°F), draft-free spot until the starter has increased substantially in volume, about 24 hours. Thereafter, you must feed it daily with water and unbleached, unbromated flour. Before each feeding, stir the starter with a wooden spoon. Once stirred, remove and discard all but 2.5 ounces/70 grams (1/4 cup ) of the mix. [...] Then add the flour and 85°F water as directed in the chart.
(p.24-26)
The best tools for bread making are the ones you always have with you - your hands. Your hands are your memory. They provide the first sense you'll use to understand the dough. Later you will use other senses, but your hands are the starting point. Other kitchen tools will support you, but your hands impart your spirit into the dough.
(p.31)
KNEADING BY HAND: This is the way to really learn how dough feels, and it is something I strongly suggest that all home bakers practice. When you work with your hands, you can almost memorize the feel of the dough and learn exactly how it comes together. I often say that "your fingers are your memory".
Unlike most bakers, I use my fingers and thumbs rather than my palms to knead bread dough. With this technique your fingers learn to "recognize" thoroughly kneaded dough and sufficiently developed gluten so that you can achieve the desired consistency and texture. I believe that when you knead using the palms of your hands, you tear and shred the dough as you fold and push it away from you.
(p.47)
Always taste the dough to be sure salt has been added.
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In baking we have a saying: If an experienced baker tells you that he never forgets the salt, don't trust him!
(p.45, 71)
And, please, don't eat your bread warm. While I respect that some cultures love a warm loaf of bread, to get the optimum flavor profile, it should be enjoyed at room temperature, so the complexities or flavors that identify a fine artisanal bread can be experienced.
(p.70)
Bread should never be wasted. It touches every corner of the world, all ages, all economic levels, all stages of life. Even the smallest piece of bread can be saved for later use.
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In centuries past, and particularly during wartime, you could be thrown in jail for wasting bread. In France, history has taught us never, ever to waste - we use even the stalest of bread in some way.
(p.63, 261)
I learn as much from my students as I give to them - if not more. [...] I believe that a good teacher inspires confidence, but also learns a great deal by watching students at work. I often see a student doing something that I've never seen done before and when it works I incorporate it into my techniques.
(p.43)
The temperature of the water controls the final dough temperature; it should be between 82°F and 84°F when mixing by hand and between 65°F and 70°F when using a heavy-duty stand mixer.
(p.44)
* Your finger is the only tool you need to determine whether bread is ready to bake.
[...] You should keep a close eye on the dough, since it will be unusable if it is overproofed.
To determine whether the dough is ready to be baked, remove the plastic wrap and gently make a small indentation in the center of the dough with your fingertip. If the indentation slowly and evenly disappears, the bread is ready to bake.
If the indentation quickly pops back up, the bread is not yet ready to bake. [...] If, on the other hand, the indentation causes the entire shape to completely deflate, the dough is overproofed. This means that it has been allowed to rest for too long. It is now unusable and would yield an unpleasant texture and flavor if baked.
(p.62,63)
HOTEL PANS: I don't need hotel pans (also known as steam-table pans) in the bakery, but at home I use a 20+3/4-by-12+3/4-by-4-inch pan to cover longer breads such as baguettes during baking, because it is long enough to fit over an almost standard-size loave. I cover the corners, or any other open areas, with aluminum foil to create a stronger seal.
(p.35)
One of the least expensive and most effective methods of achieving a crisp crust on your artisanal bread is by using a stainless-steel mixing bowl (about 12 inches in diameter and 5 inches deep) as the insulator. [...]
Quickly but carefully slide the shaped dough from the peel to the hot baking stone and cover with the stainless-steel mixing bowl. Immediately close the oven door. Bake for 10 minutes; then, lift hte edge of the bowl with the tip of a sharp knife and use oven mitts to carefully remove the hot bowl. Continue to bake until the bread is deep golden brown.
(p.64, 66)
It is in the final fermentation period (the "proofing" or "second rise") that the final crumb (the interior texture) of the baked bread is set. Following my instructions, you will find that is is only a matter of time and patience that will produce the best results.
Another expression familiar to most bread bakers, novice or Master, is to place the dough in a "warm, draft-free spot." 'What exactly does warm and draft-free mean, and why is it important? "Warm" is a comfortable temperature between 75°F and80F. If there is more than a slight breeze moving through your kitchen, it will impact the proper fermentation of the dough by creating a thin skin on the exterior, which will then slow down the process. An open window or door or even an air-conditioning vent can have this effect. the preferred spot would be a closed oven; however, if it has a pilot light, it coud then be too hot for the dough to rise properly. Generally any enclosed space in your kitchen - a closet, a pantry, a cupboard - will serve as a warm, draft-free spot.
The final shaping of the dough is an important stage [...] If not shaped correctly, the final fermentation will not occur properly and the dough will deflate when you move it to the baking surface. [...]
Scoring gives the dough a directed path for gases to expand during baking and serves as the baker's identifying or signature mark for a specific type of bread. Scoring is done [...] just prior to putting the bread in the oven [...] in a series of single, quick slashes, barely marking the dough. A baker will say, "Cut through the skin of the dough, but don't create a trench."
(p.41, 42)
[T]he summation of centuries of baking knowledge comes down to this: The essence of great bread baking is in proper fermentation. I have spent my career teaching professionals and home bakers this simple lesson. There are two periods of fermentation: the first "bulk" fermentation develops the flavor, and the second and final "proofing" stage develops the volume.
(p.39)