Ion Pacepa had been part of Romania’s Cold War era Foreign Intelligence Directorate (DIE) and was even in charge of it when he defected in 1978. His story is quite interesting. As a youth he admired the U.S. and intended to emigrate there after he completed his college education in Romania. However, by that time, the Communist Party had secured a stranglehold on the nation, and he was conscripted into the intelligence community. During his time in the DIE, he participated in a number of Romanian and Soviet disinformation efforts and even became an advisor to President Nicolae Ceauşescu. Although he was less than thrilled with Communism and the work with which he was tasked, he remained in Romania because he had family there and he associated defection with treason. It wasn’t until he was ordered by Ceauşescu to arrange for the assassination of Noël Bernard, the director of Radio Free Europe's Romanian program, that he had to chose between being a traitor or a murderer. He chose to defect.
The disinformation efforts discussed in this book include some in which he participated. Furthermore, he also discusses the aftermath of some disinformation campaigns. As has been said, “A lie repeated a hundred times becomes the truth.” In other words, people fooled by a disinformation campaign can become unwitting disseminators of a lie they wholeheartedly believe to be true.
For example, there was a prolonged disinformation campaign or series of campaigns against the Catholic Church that started around the end of World War II because church leaders maintained a persistent anti-communist stance that was as strong as their earlier anti-Nazi stance. On account of their resistance to varios communist demands, eastern European church leaders such as Cardinal Stepinac (Croatia), Cardinal Mindszenty (Hungary), Cardinal Wiszynski (Poland) and Archbishop Slipyi (Ukraine) were charged with collaborating with the Nazis and imprisoned. The big prize, Pope Pius XII, was out of reach, but there was a diabolical plan for him, as well, although the objectives of the plan morphed over the years.
While the Pope opposed Nazi policies, including the holocaust, his hands had been somewhat tied on account of the Vatican’s location behind enemy lines for much of World War II. Furthermore, he advised his clerics in Nazi controlled territory to be cautious in their anti-Nazi activities. Propaganda must be built around a kernel of truth, and the Soviets used that caution as the kernel of truth for a charge that Pius was Hitler’s pope, intending to undermine his anti-communist church policies. Immediately after World War II, the charge didn’t stick; Pius’ anti-Nazism was just too well known. However, a generation later, the charge was more credible to people who lacked that familiarity and who, in the position of armchair quarterbacks, failed to appreciate the risks he had been taking. Mr. Pacepa highlights a play and a book:
• The Deputy, by Rolf Hochhuth, 1963, was a play that portrayed Pius as having done nothing in the face of the holocaust. Mr. Pacepa is unsure whether Hochhuth was engaging in deliberate misinformation or just a stooge taken in by Soviet disinformation. However, The Deputy, coupled with Hochhuth’s earlier play The Soldiers, which attempted to discredit Winston Churchill, an ardent anti-communist after World War II, displayed a pattern of slandering opponents of Soviet Communism. By the time of The Deputy, the goals of the disinformation effort had changed. If they could succeed in convincing people that he was a Nazi, perhaps the Catholic Church would recoil from Nazism, perceived as right-wing, and select a pro-communist the next time there was an opening in the papacy. Ultimately, this effort failed when John Paul II, one of the great anti-communists of the 80’s, became pope.
• Hitler’s Pope, by John Cornwell, 1999, was a book that described Pius as pro-Nazi. As noted, this book was published almost a decade after the fall of Soviet communism. At one level, this illustrates the staying power of a lie that has become “truth” because enough people believe it. At another level, Mr. Pacepa considers it to be part of a different disinformation campaign, an effort by Progressives to promote the future selection of a Progressive-leaning pope by a Catholic Church recoiling from “right-wing” Nazism. They failed with the selection of Benedict XVI but may ultimately have succeeded with his resignation and replacement by Francis.
While this book emphasizes Soviet disinformation, Mr. Pacepa associates it with a longer tradition of Russian disinformation that goes back at least to the Potemkin villages of the time of Catharine the Great and has continued beyond the fall of the Soviet Union. In fact, he gives examples of disinformation efforts by both Boris Yeltsin and Vladimir Putin. His primary experience had been with Soviet disinformation, but Soviet communism had been the medium through which Russian nationalism was channeled from 1917 to 1991. It had been channeled through the tsar prior to Lenin and is now channeled through a different system of government. While governments may change, the use of disinformation has not changed.
Having been liberated from the shackles of communism by his defection, Mr. Pacepa became strongly strong anti-communist and anti-Russian, as well as pro-American. Because of his background in the Romanian DIE, the focus on Russian disinformation tactics is understandable although it can sometimes lead to the false impression that he considered disinformation to be Russia’s exclusive purview. Personally, I think he was trying to warn us not be lulled into complacency, a valid concern.
Regarding disinformation, it is a form of propaganda. As a Christian I desire to better understand it, in part because of an incident described in 1 Kings 13. As part of consolidating his reign over the northern tribes of Israel, Jeroboam set up idols and altars in Dan and Bethel. God sent a prophet from Judah to prophesy against the altar. When he did so, Jeroboam commanded his men to seize him, only to have his arm wither. Chastened, Jeroboam asked the prophet to pray for the restoration of his arm, which he did. After Jeroboam’s arm was restored, he offered to host the prophet. The prophet refused his hospitality, informing him that God had told him not to eat or drink on this trip and to return to Judah by a different route from the one he traveled to Bethel. He then set out for home. Hearing about this, a different prophet approached the prophet of Judah and offered to host him, falsely claiming that God had instructed him to hose the prophet of Judah. As they were eating at the house of the second prophet, the word of the LORD came upon the second prophet, condemning the prophet of Judah for his disobedience and informing him that he would not return home. On his return trip, he was killed by a lion. The prophet of Judah had disobeyed God because he believed a lie and was held accountable for his disobedience. So, if we fall for disinformation and take sinful action in response to it, we are no less accountable to God. This book is a warning to be alert for lies that masquerade as gospel truth. Take that warning to heart.