Las soldaderas were the women who went to war, accompanying the men and often fighting alongside them, during the Mexican Revolution of 1910-1920. They were soldiers, cooks, nurses, and companions; they suffered as the men did, and faced particular risks relating to their status as women in a war zone where the supposed restraints of “civilized” life were openly set at naught. Elena Poniatowska honours the courage and sacrifice of these women in her 1999 book Las Soldaderas: Women of the Mexican Revolution.
Poniatowska was born in Paris; her father was a prince of Polish-French background, and her mother was a Mexican expatriate whose family had been forced to flee the country after Porfirio Díaz lost power at the beginning of the Mexican Revolution. Her family fled to Mexico during the Second World War (except for her father who stayed and fought on the Allied side). She came from an accomplished family – politicians, writers, a musician, an archbishop – and she more than followed in their footsteps, building in Mexico a career as a journalist and writer with a particular focus on the situation of women, people in poverty, and others who suffer oppression in Mexican society.
The centerpiece of this short book is 56 photographs from the Casacola Collection, from the archives of the Fototeca Nacional in Pachuca, Hidalgo. Agustín and Miguel Casacola founded one of the first photographic agencies in Mexico, and Agustín in particular was a diligent collector of photographic images from the Mexican Revolution. Some of his collecting may have been questionable in ethical terms (he had a habit of clipping other photographers’ names off of photos and then claiming them as his own work), but the historical importance of this collection is undeniable.
In the accompanying text, Poniatowska provides a helpful explanation of where the word soldadera comes from: “During all wars and invasions, soldiers used their ‘soldada’ (a word of Aragonese origin) to hire a female servant. The women would go to the barracks to charge her salary – i.e., soldada. From this comes the term, soldadera” (p. 26).
Some soldaderas were soldiers, fighting for freedom and Mexican democracy. The cover image for the book – an image that one also sees on page 74 of the book – shows a young woman soldier from one of the revolutionary armies. She is in full uniform, with sombrero and crossed bandoliers and laced-up marching boots. In her right hand, she bears a sword that she is carrying at parade-rest; with her left hand, she holds a fold from the red-white-and-green Mexican national flag next to her. Her strength, dignity, courage, and love of country are all evident.
Most soldaderas, by contrast, occupied much humbler roles than that of a soldier fighting at the front. One of the photos, on page 50 of Poniatowska’s book, captures the way in which the soldaderas, while often relegated to the margins (in the Casasola photographs, as in the Mexican Revolution generally), were nonetheless vital to the continuance of the Revolution. The photograph, clearly staged by the photographer, shows a group of eight revolutionary soldiers on board a railroad car, their rifles pointed outward. Easy to miss, if one is not looking carefully, is the presence of a woman in the lower-right-hand corner of the photo, standing by the open door to the train car. The caption etched into the photo reads, “Tren militar revolucionario”. It seems, at first, that what the photographer is interested in is the revolutionary military train and the soldiers on board; the woman, for him, seems but a background detail, an afterthought.
In the context of this book, however, one’s attention is drawn away from the rifle-wielding men and toward the woman. Her body is bent backward, as she bears in front of her some sort of heavy burden that is strung around her neck – part of her contribution to the revolutionary effort. Her presence in the photo reminds me of what Poniatowska says about the women in these photographs: “[A]lthough they’re always present, they remain in the background….Wrapped in shawls, they carry both the children and the ammunition” (p. 16). That unarmed woman’s courage somehow seems more real, less staged, than that of the armed soldiers brandishing their rifles for the benefit of the photographer’s camera.
Poniatowska sees a complex pattern and reality behind the images of women in these photographs: “Casasola shows us, again and again, slight thin women patiently devoted to their tasks like worker ants – hauling in water and making tortillas over a lit fire, the mortar and pestle always in hand. (Does anyone really know just how hard it is to carry a heavy mortar for kilometers during a military campaign?) And at the end of the day, there’s the hungry baby to breastfeed” (p. 16). Throughout her extended essay that accompanies this collection of photographs, Poniatowska offers a compelling argument that “Without the soldaderas, there is no Mexican Revolution” (p. 16).
Poniatowska’s Las Soldaderas reminds the reader of the courage and endurance of these women, and provides a much-needed new look at the history of the Mexican Revolution.