Buddhism for Busy People
There are hundreds, if not thousands, of books on Buddhism or meditation. However, most don’t inform the potential reader as to which specific school of Buddhism they may be reading about.
Any potential reader needs to know that this book focuses on Tibetan Buddhism, which is a school within the Mahayana tradition and one that differs quite a bit from some of the original interpretations of the Buddha’s teachings found within the Theravada tradition.
Most of the Mahayana schools—with the possible exception of Zen Buddhism—take a far more religious viewpoint of the Buddha’s teachings, in order to open up the possibility of enlightenment and salvation to more people, therefore adding on many layers of ritual and devotion; essentially turning the Buddha into a god-like figure, which ironically, is one of the things he reportedly told his followers never to do.
Most people know of Tibetan Buddhism through its central figure, the Dalai Lama, who, by all appearances, seems to be a very kind, compassionate man who has written many books directed at Westerner readers encouraging them to adopt some Buddhist ideas in order to be happier and more contented beings.
While both Mahayana Buddhism and one of its main schools, Tibetan Buddhism, include teachings about meditation that may be helpful to many readers, it’s important for Western readers to know that Tibetan Buddhism also involves a good amount of religious beliefs and supernatural concepts like karma, past lives, “eternal mind streams”, and reincarnation; all of which might be off-putting to a secular reader.
And those Western readers who tend to think that Buddhism takes a more commonsense view of the world due to the fact that it’s not reliant on the belief in a supernatural deity for salvation, may quickly be disabused of that belief once they read more about Tibetan Buddhism.
I’ve always thought of Tibetan Buddhism as relating to other schools of Buddhism in the way that Catholicism relates to other schools of Christianity. There are a lot of rules, customs, and a strong belief in supernatural elements.
I've read up on many of the different schools of Buddhism in the past, including Tibetan Buddhism. Like the author, I also attended a session at the local Tibetan Buddhist facility in my area many years ago when I was starting a meditation practice. As a secular person, it was not a good fit for me. I was uncomfortable with some of the worship-like practices of Tibetan Buddhism: the mantras, the recitations, the perception of your teachers as being almost god-like, and the requirement to bow to images of high-ranking Lamas on the walls, etc. (there is certainly a very strict hierarchy to Tibetan Buddhism, similar to the priesthood in Catholicism). I found the supernatural elements of the faith to be a bit hard to swallow.
As to the book, it starts out reasonably well, with the author explaining what his life was like as a stressed, middle-class London PR executive who was constantly striving for a better life but had become unsatisfied that his striving and comfortable lifestyle was not bringing him contentment he thought it would. He was also frustrated by his attempts to be a published novelist, having had no luck in getting a book deal after 10 manuscripts went unpublished.
At the height of his stress and frustrations, he began to develop inexplicable rashes. After an examination, a doctor recommended meditation to him as a way to lower his stress levels. Since we know that high stress can cause the release of high levels of cortisol and other hormones in our bodies, which can result in our immune system becoming overactive, this was reasonable advice.
As a result of his doctor's suggestion, he attends the local Tibetan Buddhist Society facility in his area (referred to as a "gomper") and finds that the teachings, in addition to his daily meditation practice, really begin to change his life for the better. He’s hooked from the start.
He then briefly touches on The Four Noble Truths, including the concepts of attachment and aversion, and a few other important tenets of the original Buddhist philosophy.
Then the author moves into some specific beliefs of Tibetan Buddhism, and these are the ones that not only strain credulity but will also likely be challenging for science-minded readers.
These are the concepts of karma, past lives, rebirth, and what the author refers to as “the eternal mind stream.” It’s important to note that he is not simply mentioning these as mythological concepts, he appears to deeply believe in all of them, a requirement of the faith.
For an example of how he felt his karma was improving after he attended the Tibetan Buddhist gomper, he mentions that despite having had 10 unpublished manuscripts that he could not sell before he was exposed to Tibetan Buddhist beliefs, his new manuscript, about the PR industry—for which he had a great deal of experience since he worked in it—quickly resulted in a book deal.
Of course, I strongly suspect his success with the PR book had far more to do with the subject matter, of which he was quite knowledgeable, rather than karma. Especially since publishers receive endless submissions for novels from writers of questionable talent every day. He later says he did eventually get book deals for his fiction writing, as his karma improved. However, the success was short-lived.
Pushing further into the mystical realm, the author later describes in detail the Tibetan/Mahayana belief in rebirth. At one point, he describes examples of adherents of Tibetan Buddhism who are in “different states of mental evolution” while they are in the process of dying. Some of them have had such mastery over their minds that they have “ceased breathing and had their hearts stopped for multiple days.” And yet, they did not die. They kept on sitting in the lotus position, unfazed by the lack of a beating heart.
Or, as another example, “The homes of dying yogis have been found (after their death) bathed in rainbow-colored light, with no corpse, but only an ambrosial fragrance, together with a small bundle of hair and nails.”
The author goes on to make clear, “These are not ancient fables, but current happenings. They go unreported in the West because communities in which they occur are usually in the East, have nothing to prove, and have no desire to turn the death of a loved one into a tabloid freak show.”
Of course, it’s somewhat odd that in the time of ubiquitous cell phones and cameras, no one has thought it important to record one of these sheer miracles, but nonetheless.
He then goes into the history of specific lamas that have been reborn in the bodies of newborns, who, conveniently enough, always seem to be from homes with parents who are already adherents of Tibetan Buddhism and who were in contact with the lama before he had passed.
In the case of Lama Yeshe, a revered monk who became quite popular in the West after he moved to California in the late 1970s to teach Tibetan Buddhism, it was decided that a young child born in Grenada, Spain shortly after Lama Yeshe died was indeed the lama reincarnated. Why? According to the author, “There were clear signs from the beginning: His birth was easy, with only one contraction, and with no pain to his mother. He slept throughout the night, every night, and did not cry as a baby, even when he was hungry. He had a spark about him and was full of life, and yet he didn’t show much interest in other children. Also, when two toys were placed in front of him, he always chose the toy that had significance to Lama Yeshe.”
You can see that the notions of virgin births in Christianity or “thetans” from millennia ago trapped within human bodies, as Scientologists believe, don’t seem that far-fetched in relation to some of the beliefs within Tibetan Buddhism.
The middle chapters of the book lean heavily on a detailed history of Tibetan Buddhist mythology and again, this will be the most challenging part of the book to get through for some readers, including when he talks about the “many psychologists who have successfully used hypnosis to uncover traumas from past lives in their patients.”
He covers the concepts of “Boddhicitta” (the wish to achieve enlightenment for all living beings), and Boddhisattvas. These are monks or other adherents who hold back from being fully enlightened and entering Nirvana (the state of earthly bliss where they no longer hold to the delusions of aversion, craving, or ignorance) until all humans can be fully enlightened.
While this concept seems quite altruistic, it doesn’t quite make sense. It’s akin to someone who works out for many years in order to improve their health and gets within 10 lbs of their desired optimal weight, only to refuse to lose the remaining 10 lbs until everyone in the world reaches their ideal weight; whether they are attempting to or not. Unfortunately, if they’re mistaken in their belief in future lives, it may be a missed opportunity.
The author presents some seeming contradictions when it comes to the topic of selecting a proper guru or teacher.
While he encourages you to find one you can relate to and whom you should be able to question, he goes on to quote a text that says, “By making a lifelong commitment to a teacher, we are creating the karmic causes for the flowering of enormous benefits in our future mind stream. For starters, we are creating the causes to meet a good teacher in our future lives, and we will not fall into the lower realms and move rapidly into achieving all our aims. The essence of the ‘nectar-graduated path’ says that through devotion to the guru, you will be free from unfavorable states in the present and achieve the highest states of humans and gods. Ultimately, all the suffering of psychic existence will end, and you will achieve the supreme excellent state. However, if we break our commitment to our teacher, we seriously imperil the ability to have a teacher in our future lives. If we badmouth our teacher, we create the causes for immense damage to our progress, condemning ourselves to countless lifetimes in lower realms where mental development isn’t even a possibility.”
Bottom line: Questioning your teacher may not be such a good idea.
Bringing it back to the Dalai Lama, he appears to be an extraordinarily peaceful and happy person who could serve as an excellent role model. However, I would argue that one does not need to believe in past lives or Boddhcitta, or that a toddler with a pleasant temperament is a reincarnated lama, in order to make enormous strides in reducing one’s psychological suffering. One simply has to embrace the Buddha’s original philosophy—which seems not to have involved many of the supernatural beliefs of Tibetan Buddhism—by seeing the wisdom in The Four Noble Truths, avoiding harm to others, and practicing mindful awareness as often as possible.
The point here is that there is tremendous benefit awaiting most people who adopt the core tenets of philosophical Buddhism along with a consistent meditation practice which leads to the acknowledgment that the concept of a fixed “self” is an illusion, without adopting many of the Mahayana concepts that revolve around mythology and magical thinking.
One doesn’t need to believe in karma to adopt the other themes the Buddha taught, like altruism, compassion, and equanimity, or that the “self” we spend so much time obsessing over, is truly an illusion. The problem is when mythical beliefs become a dominant part of a book on Buddhism, as this book does, it often leads curious people to lose interest in Buddhist philosophy altogether.
Now, much of this review may seem like more of a critique of Tibetan Buddhist beliefs than a critique of the book itself. However, it's a bit of both. The reason the book can be a tough read is that the author seems far too close to the subject to ever bother to provide answers to even the most basic or reasonable objections. There's also too many contradictions that go unanswered and even a few dubious facts presented, including the one where he states that (as of 2002) the percentage of Western households with children had dropped to 12% (it's actually closer to 40%).
So you might gain more insights on Tibetan Buddhism by reading a book that takes a more objective, academic view of the religion, rather than one written by a true believer (the author states that the publisher of the book is also a Tibetan Buddhist).
And if you simply want to learn about the benefits of secular meditation with some helpful Buddhist philosophy added in, I suggest any book by Jack Kornfield, Pema Chodron, Sam Harris, or the book “Mindfulness in Plain English”, which focuses on the tradition of Vipassana (“insight”) meditation but also provides a brief history of Theravada Buddhism along with it.