These lively essays, transcribed by Kant's students during his lectures on ethics at Konigsberg in the years 1775-1780, are celebrated not only for their insight into Kant's polished and often witty lecture style but also as a key to understanding the development of his moral thought. As Lewis White Beck points out in the Foreword to this edition, those who know Kant only from his rigorous and abstract intellectual critiques may be surprised by the accessibility of these essays, which put flesh on the bones of the critical ethics, while revealing Kant as a practical moralist, greatly concerned with the nuances of human conduct and the social effects of his moral teaching. The sharply focused discussions and definitions strengthen an interpretation of Kant's more mature speculative works and remain the riches document we have for understanding the history of the preeminent ethical theory of modern times.
Immanuel Kant was an 18th-century philosopher from Königsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia). He's regarded as one of the most influential thinkers of modern Europe & of the late Enlightenment. His most important work is The Critique of Pure Reason, an investigation of reason itself. It encompasses an attack on traditional metaphysics & epistemology, & highlights his own contribution to these areas. Other main works of his maturity are The Critique of Practical Reason, which is about ethics, & The Critique of Judgment, about esthetics & teleology.
Pursuing metaphysics involves asking questions about the ultimate nature of reality. Kant suggested that metaphysics can be reformed thru epistemology. He suggested that by understanding the sources & limits of human knowledge we can ask fruitful metaphysical questions. He asked if an object can be known to have certain properties prior to the experience of that object. He concluded that all objects that the mind can think about must conform to its manner of thought. Therefore if the mind can think only in terms of causality–which he concluded that it does–then we can know prior to experiencing them that all objects we experience must either be a cause or an effect. However, it follows from this that it's possible that there are objects of such a nature that the mind cannot think of them, & so the principle of causality, for instance, cannot be applied outside experience: hence we cannot know, for example, whether the world always existed or if it had a cause. So the grand questions of speculative metaphysics are off limits, but the sciences are firmly grounded in laws of the mind. Kant believed himself to be creating a compromise between the empiricists & the rationalists. The empiricists believed that knowledge is acquired thru experience alone, but the rationalists maintained that such knowledge is open to Cartesian doubt and that reason alone provides us with knowledge. Kant argues, however, that using reason without applying it to experience will only lead to illusions, while experience will be purely subjective without first being subsumed under pure reason. Kant’s thought was very influential in Germany during his lifetime, moving philosophy beyond the debate between the rationalists & empiricists. The philosophers Fichte, Schelling, Hegel and Schopenhauer saw themselves as correcting and expanding Kant's system, thus bringing about various forms of German Idealism. Kant continues to be a major influence on philosophy to this day, influencing both Analytic and Continental philosophy.
دکتر منوچهر صانعی مترجم کتاب در مقدمه آن می نویسد:
در اینجا لازم است به سوئ تفاهمی که در محافل فلسفی ما در مورد محتوا و مضمون فلسفه کانت پیش آمده است اشاره ای بشود تا آشنایی ما با کانت و قرائت فلسفه او گرفتار سرنوشتی مشابه آنچه قدمای ما در شناخت ارسطو گرفتار آن شدند نشود. فلسفه ارسطو به عنوان فیلسوف طبیعت شناس همراه با تفسیرهای کلامی فلسفه مسیحی در دوره اسکندریه به دست مسلمین رسید و قدمای ما ارسطوی ناتورالیست را تحت تاثیر گمراهی های ناشی از تفسیرهای کلامی مسیحیت به عنوان حکیم الهی شناختند و فلسفه او را به کلام و الهیات تبدیل کردند ....امروز هم صاحبان همان افکار و عقایدی که ارسطوی فیلسوف را به حکیم الهی تبدیل کردند چیزی نمانده است که به دکارت و کانت لقب آیت اله بدهند
از مضمون کتاب درس های فلسفه اخلاق و سایر آثار کانت در حکمت عملی یا فلسفه اخلاق بر می آید این است که کانت در ادامه سنت دکارت در اندیشه تاسیس چیزی است که امروزه گاهی تجدد ( مدرنیته ) و گاهی اصالت انسان ( اومانیزم ) نامیده می شود. تمام سعی کانت در مجاهدت های فلسفی اش این است که تقدیر انسان را به خود او واگذارد سعادت انسان را معلول کار و کوشش خود او بداند تمدن را پدیده ای بشری معرفی کند در زندگی انسان عقل را به حاکمیت مطلق برساند هر چه عناصر غیر عقلی و ضد عقلی است از زندگی انسان حذف کند و انسان را به مقام آزادی و آزادگی برکشد و در یک کلام انسان را از هر گونه وابستگی رها کرده به مقام استقلال برساند
من بیش از یک سال با این کتاب سرگرم بودم و کیف کردم و الآن هیچ طور نمیتونم درموردش ریویو بنویسم جز اینکه بگم کاش میشد کتاب بالینی من باشه و هر شب دو سه صفحه ازش بخونم قبل از خواب. کاش میشد هر سال برگردم و بخونمش. الآن گذاشتمش توی قفسه "چهل کتاب برای یک عمر
به لحاظ تاریخی این کتاب قبل از بنیادگذاری مابعدالطبیعه اخلاق نوشته شده. در مقدمه میخوانیم که این کتاب را نمیشود به طور صد در صد تصنیف خود کانت دانست چرا که در واقع درسگفتارهایی است که او بین سال های 1775 تا 1780 تدریس میکرده و شاگردان فلسفه او یادداشت برداری میکرده اند. از تجمیع و تطبیق یادداشت ها این کتاب فراهم آمده.
این جا واقعا با درس ها اخلاقی کانت روبرو هستیم که البته بسیار فلسفی هستند اما حتما به درد مردم عادی هم میخورند. حاصل تاملات کانت چند سال بعد از این کتاب به آن کتاب کوتاه تر و بسیار غامض تر میرسد که بسیار اساسی است و اصلا به درد مردم عادی نمیخورد.
اینجا کانت مثل یک استاد دانشگاه نسبتا خوش صحبت، اگر لازم باشد مثال هایی میزند اما در بنیادگذاری باید حتما خودتان با متن بسیار کلنجار بروید و هر جمله را چند بار بخوانید. ما این کتاب را مدیون یک فیلسوف همعصر کانت به نام باومگارتن هستیم که کتابش مبنای تدریس کانت بوده و در اکثر موارد با او مخالف است و وقتی اختلافش را توضیح میدهد از دقت نظر کانت و عمق بینش او لذت میبرید.
کتاب سالها پیش توسط کتابخانه حسینیه ارشاد صوتی شده و قرائت بسیار بسیار دقیق و کم ایرادی دارد. من با همین نسخه صوتی سرگرم بودم اما دیدم با اثر فوق العاده ای روبرو هستم که شنیدنش اقناعم نمیکند و نسخه کاغذی را هم خریدم.
Kant in the vein of the essays of Montaigne and Bacon - now there's something I never imagined before! This is a great book for anyone interested in Kant's moral theory who might be intimidated or inexperienced with his obtuse terminologies and dry style. There's lots of scatterings of Latin untranslated here, so it's only plain sailing in comparison with Kant's typical writings, but anyone with a decent grasp of etymologies can understand what is meant by the context.
This book is an old edition I picked up in the library - the new Cambridge edition is double its size, so I have no idea what is said in those pages missing here, but there is a decent mix of Kant's own moral principles relayed with relative ease and, in the second half, a series of short reflections on a topic, such as 'Friendship', 'Innocence', 'Vengeance' and 'Duties towards the body in respect of sexual impulse', in case you've ever wanted to know what Kant thought on incest (nothing unorthodox). Unless you're already somewhat conservative you're unlikely to be swayed by Kant's opinions on various ethical issues nor will you be shaken by his argumentative brilliance - these passages are generally short and didactic, as lecture notes generally are. Nonetheless the candor of addressing all sorts of things unlikely to have generally mentioned in public life at the time is notable; one can admire Kant's dedication to building a rational-minded ethical system without agreeing with him on everything.
If you only want to read one work by Kant, this is a viable choice. You'll be missing out on the formulation of the categorical imperative (though one can certainly see signs of it here) and Kantian aesthetic theory, but you'll also be missing out on dense, systematized, difficult philosophical language. It might be well worth your while attend the lectures without doing the exam, so to speak.
I read this book in preparing a paper on Kant's theory of ethics along with everything else by him on the topic. The paper, which is posted on this, the Goodreads, site, was more an attempt to constructively appropriate his work as valid ethical teaching than an academic paper.
دو فصل اولش با اینکه زیادی انتزاعی بود ولی خیلی دوسش داشتم.انگار داشتم چیزی یاد می گرفتم ازش بعد اونجا که در مورد مسئولیتامون در برابر. خودمون حرف میزنه یه مقدار واسم خنثی بود ولی فصل های بعدش مجددا خیلی خوب بود
خب یه بخش هایی از حرف های کانت تکامل پیدا کرده و چیزهای دقیقتری ازش هست الان مثل مراحل رشد اخلاقی کلبرگ یا رشد که حدودا هم عصر روسو بوده و روسو تازه خودش انقلاب رشدی رو بوجود اورده تو بخش های دیگه یه سری "انسان باید " و "انسان نباید" بی دلیل داشت که انتظارشو نداشتم.واسه همین گفتم آخوند بوده
ولی مجموعا خیلی چیزارو شفاف میکنه و به تفصیل بخش های مهمی از اخلاق رو با زبان نه چندان پیچیده ای باز میکنه نقش "اراده" رو توی نظام اخلاقیش پررنگ میکنه و قدم های بزرگی در زمینه ی پیشرفت فلسفه اخلاق برمیداره هرچند بخاطر شرایط اجتماعی زمان زیستش یه حرفاییش خوب نیست
ترجمه ی کتاب واقعا خوبه هرچند توی مقدمه هم مترجم درمورد چندتا از کلماتش توضیح داده و اونا به روون تر فهمیدنش کمک میکنن تا یادم نرفته بگم من همه ش کلافه میشدم از پانویس های آلمانی که سرچ کردن رو سخت کرده بود اما وقتی تموم شد فهمیدم اخرش واژهنامه داره و انگلیسی کلمات هست میتونین ازش استفاده کنین ویراست کتاب هم خیلی خوب و حرفه ای بود
Kant argued that moral laws are based on reason and are universally binding for all rational beings. The book essentially explains Kant's ideas about duty, the importance of treating others with respect, and why we should follow moral rules in our everyday lives. It gives practical examples and advice, making his philosophy easier to understand for readers who want to know how to live rightly. While I do not agree with much of his philosophy, especially in regards to Objective Morality, it's a really good book to learn a new perspective on ethics and morality.
Forget the Groundwork, the Lectures on Ethics should be everyone's starting point for learning Kant's ethics. Unlike Groundwork, the Lectures are not weighed down with implicit references to the critical project. Each of the lectures here stands alone, addressing a specific ethical issue without requiring background knowledge, or even any knowledge of previous lectures. Whereas the groundwork is extremely difficult to appreciate in all its depth without knowledge of the massive, highly intricate system it belongs to, the Lectures on Ethics aim to grapple with common ethical problems we face in everyday life. The issues Kant tackles here are weighty and specific - everything from self-mastery to duties towards animals, but presented in a relatively conversational manner. Kant does not come off as a pedant in these lectures, but as a wise and affable friend, attempting to impart well-earned insight.
As such, if you're a philosophy professor, and you're teaching Kant's ethics to undergraduates, I'd strongly recommend that you at least consider using this text. It's a much more sympathetic presentation of Kant's work for the neophyte.