There’s no shame in a continental philosopher saying they are a Marxist, but it’s almost impossible to admit to being an anarchist. Silently, perhaps even unknowingly, philosophical anarchism “borrows” its definition from political anarchism, but the two remain strangers to each other. What do Reiner Schürmann, Emmanuel Levinas, Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, Giorgio Agamben and Jacques Rancière have in common? Each of them ascribed a determining ontological, ethical, or political value to anarchy – yet not a single one ever called themselves an “anarchist.” It is as if anarchism were unmentionable and had to be concealed, even though its critique of domination and of government is poached by the philosophers.
In a semantic revolution, anarchists redefined anarchy not as disorder but as organization free of the “governmental prejudice.” Without this definition – taken directly from political anarchist Joseph Proudhon – none of the philosophical concepts of anarchy would have been possible.
Stop Thief! Anarchism and Philosophy calls out the plundering of anarchism by philosophy. It’s a call that is all the more resonant today as the planetary demand for an alternative political realm raises a deafening cry. It also alerts us to a new philosophical awakening. Catherine Malabou proposes to answer the cry by re-elaborating a concept of anarchy articulated around a notion of the “non-governable” far beyond an inciting of disobedience or common critiques of capitalism. Anarchism is the only way out, the only pathway that allows us to question the legitimacy of political domination and to unsettle our confidence that we need to be led if we are to survive.
Catherine Malabou (b. 1959) is a French philosopher. She is a professor of philosophy at The European Graduate School / EGS and professor of modern European philosophy at the Centre for Research in Modern European Philosophy (CRMEP) at Kingston University, London. She is known for her work on plasticity, a concept she culled from Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit, which has proved fertile within contemporary economic, political, and social discourses. Widely regarded as one of the most exciting figures in what has been called “The New French Philosophy,” Malabou’s research and writing covers a range of figures and issues, including the work of Hegel, Freud, Heidegger, and Derrida; the relationship between philosophy, neuroscience, and psychoanalysis; and concepts of essence and difference within feminism.
Born in Sidi Bel Abbès, Algeria, Catherine Malabou began her advanced studies at the Université Paris-Sorbonne before attending the prestigious École normale supérieure de Fontenay-Saint-Cloud, where, in 1994, she submitted her dissertation on G.W.F. Hegel under the direction of Jacques Derrida. Her thesis was published in 1996 under the title L’avenir de Hegel: Plasticité, temporalité, dialectique (The Future of Hegel: Plasticity, Temporality and Dialectic, 2005) with a long preface by Derrida, whom she would later co-author La Contre-allée (1999; Counterpath, 2004). Before arriving at Kingston University, Malabou became assistant professor at the Université Paris Ouest Nanterre in 1995 and, as a frequent lecturer in the USA, has taught at UC Berkeley, The New School in New York City, New York State University at Buffalo, the University of Wisconsin in Madison, UCLA, Johns Hopkins, and, most recently, UC Irvine.
Catherine Malabou’s philosophical work forges new connections and intellectual networks that imaginatively leap across existing synaptic gaps between, for example, continental philosophy and neuroscience; the philosophy of neuroscience and the critique of capitalism; neuroscience and psychoanalysis; and continental and analytic philosophy (notably Kant). As well, her work is explosive and iconoclastic, shattering perceived understandings of Hegel, feminism and gender, and the implications of post-structuralism.
Starting with her 2004 book, Que faire de notre cerveau? (What Should We Do With Our Brain?, 2009), Catherine Malabou has argued passionately and provocatively for a connection between continental philosophy and empirical neuroscience. She centers her argument on a highly original interpretation of the concept of plasticity, an interpretation that she first uncovered in her reading of Hegel’s dialectic. Plasticity refers to the capacity both to receive form and to give form. Although the concept of plasticity is central to neuroscience, Malabou’s work shows that neuroscientists and lay people often misunderstand the basic plasticity of the brain, succumbing to an ideology that focuses solely on its capacity to receive form, that is, the capacity of the brain to be shaped in and through its experience of the world to the exclusion of its creative, form-giving power. In other words, the reigning ideology that governs both the neuroscientific community and the broader culture substitutes flexibility for plasticity, and flexibility, Malabou warns us, “is plasticity minus its genius.” The emphasis on flexibility also fits all too neatly with the demands of capitalism under neoliberalism, which demands efficiency, flexibility, adaptability and versatility as conditions of employability in a post-Fordist economy. The creative, form-giving power of the brain—its genius—consists in its explosive capacity, a capacity that unleashes new possibilities, and herein also lies the capacity for resistance. In her conclusion, Catherine Malabou writes: “To ask ‘What should we do with our brain?’ is above all to visualize the possibility of saying no to an afflicting economic, political, and mediatic culture that celebrate
La búsqueda de Malabou por los conceptos de anarquía en filósofos contemporáneos (Agamben, Foucault, Rancière) y su separación del anarquismo político, al qeu va a defender, es exhaustiva, original, muy productiva. Casi todo el libro funciona a partir de ese recorrido, con lecturas críticas (a veces muy fuertes, como el desacuerdo planteado con Derrida, antiguo maestro de la autora) pero que sagan mucho jugo al pensamiento de los distintos filósofos. A la vez, la conclusión vuelve sobre el concepto clave de Malabou, el de plasticidad. Algo que no me terminó de cerrar es la defensa del anarquismo vigente en figuras como Audrey Tang.
นั่นจึงไม่แปลกที่แม้อาจได้รับแรงบันดาลใจจากลัทธิอนาธิปัตย์ทางการเมือง แต่สิ่งที่พวกอนาธิปัตย์ทางปรัชญาทำ--ตามทำหนังสือนำเสนอ--ก็คือการขโมย ปฏิเสธและบิดเบือนแรงบันดาลใจดังกล่าว โดยเฉพาะการตกแต่งทางภววิทยาที่กลับหัวกลับหางและทำให้อำนาจและการปกครองซึ่งไม่ได้เป็นจุดตั้งแต้นของความจริงทางการเมืองกลายเป็นจุดตั้งต้นแทน การเคลื่อนไหวทางการเมืองแบบอนาธิปัตย์ร่วมสมัยซึ่งได้อิทธิพลมาจากพวกอนาธิปัตย์ทางปรัชญา จึงเป็นการเคลื่อนไหวที่ไปไม่สุด เพราะแม้จะต่อต้านอำนาจและการปกครอง แต่สุดท้ายแล้วก็หนีไม่พ้นวิธีคิดที่ยังคงให้ความสำคัญกับอำนาจและการปกครองอยู่ดี ในแง่นี้ สิ่งที่หนังสือทำจึงเป็นการเปิดให้เห็นภาวะ the absenc of the absence นั่นก็คือในขณะที่ลัทธิอนาธิปัตย์ทางการเมืองมุ่งขี้ให้เห็นถึงภววิทยาที่เป็น the absence of government แต่ด้วยพัฒนาการของกลุ่มอนาธิปัตย์ทางปรัชญาดังกล่าว การ absence ตรงนี้ก็จะถูกทำให้ absence ซ้อนไปอีกชั้นหนึ่ง และส่งผลให้การเคลื่อนไหวทางการเมืองแบบก้าวหน้าในปัจจุบัน(ซึ่งล้วนแต่ได้รับอิทธิพลจากพวกอนาธิปัตย์ทางปรัชญา) จึงยังคงเป็นการเคลื่อนไหวที่ไปไม่สุด ไม่อาจทะลุทะลวงไปถึงสิ่งที่มันควรไปให้ถึงได้จริงๆเสียที
Haltet den Dieb! Oder besser gesagt: Haltet den Philosophen! Catherine Malabous Buch „Au voleur !“ liest sich wie ein True-Crime-Roman für den intellektuellen Elfenbeinturm. Das Verbrechen? Schwerer ideologischer Raubbau – begangen mit ruhiger Stimme, gutem Gewissen und tadellosem Literaturverzeichnis. Malabou legt den Finger in eine Wunde, die viele Denker lieber unter ihrem Tweed-Sakko versteckt hätten. Ihre These ist ebenso einfach wie entlarvend: Die großen Philosophen des 20. Jahrhunderts – Derrida, Agamben, Rancière und andere – haben sich beim Anarchismus bedient wie an einem offenen Buffet. Sie griffen beherzt zu bei der Kritik an der Herrschaft, beim Motiv des „Nicht-Regierbaren“, bei der Skepsis gegenüber Macht und Souveränität – und verließen dann flugs das Restaurant, ohne die Rechnung zu bezahlen. Die Verdächtigen und ihr Alibi Warum dieser Diebstahl? Weil „Anarchismus“ im akademischen Salon einen schlechten Ruf genießt. Das Klischee: nihilistische Bombenleger mit wilden Bärten. Die Realität der Philosophen: Man möchte zwar radikal klingen und das System dekonstruieren, aber bitte ohne sich mit dem schmuddeligen Label des Anarchismus gemein zu machen. Malabou beschreibt diesen Vorgang herrlich scharfsinnig: Es ist, als würde man die gesamte Modekollektion eines Designers klauen, die Etiketten heraustrennen und anschließend behaupten, man habe diesen Stil ganz eigenständig erfunden – schlicht weil der ursprüngliche Urheber nicht gesellschaftsfähig genug war. Das „Unregierbare“ – mehr als Trotz Doch „Au voleur !“ ist mehr als ein akademisches „Gotcha!“. Es ist zugleich eine Ehrenrettung. Malabou poliert den Begriff des Anarchismus gründlich auf und befreit ihn vom Staub des Chaos-Images. Sie zeigt, dass im Anarchismus eine anspruchsvolle, ja lebensnotwendige politische Philosophie steckt: die Ethik des Nicht-Regierbaren. Das ist weit entfernt vom pubertären „Du hast mir gar nichts zu sagen!“. Gemeint ist vielmehr die ernsthafte Frage, wie gemeinsames Leben jenseits permanenter vertikaler Machtlogiken möglich ist. Rehabilitierung geglückt Catherine Malabou ruft sinngemäß: „Gebt dem Anarchismus zurück, was des Anarchismus ist!“ Wer dieses Buch liest, wird Derrida, Agamben oder Rancière danach mit anderen Augen sehen – als ausgesprochen geschickte Hütchenspieler, die versuchten, das Gold der Herrschaftskritik zu behalten, während sie die Mine, aus der es stammt, zuschütteten. Eine furiose Lektüre für alle, die sich fragen, warum wir eigentlich immer noch brav nach oben buckeln, obwohl uns die Theorie seit Jahrzehnten zuflüstert, dass es auch anders ginge.
Malabou notes the number of continental philosophers who have a strong concept of anarchy in their work, but have never gone on to claiming themselves to be anarchists. This is no easy read and expects you to have sufficient grounding in the philosophers discussed. I hung on to the words of a tutor who once told me that when reading someone like Derrida, you must begin by accepting that you are probably only going to understand twenty percent on the first time through, and that stood me in good stead. Lots of discussion distinguishing anarchy from anarchism, and the reason why statements like ‘I am an anarchist’ have real problems. A deconstruction of Aristotle, interesting stuff on Derrida considering Freud’s ‘Beyond The Pleasure Principle’, consideration of Foucault’s concept of resistance and his supposed drift to liberal or Neo-liberal ideas, and many other philosophical gems are to be found here. If you are looking to get clearer on Anarchism or a quick definition of what it is, however, this is probably not the place to look. It really is tough going, but there are things to take away. I really think Malabou is onto something, especially with her recognition of the emancipatory potential of anarchy. Worth engaging in the struggle.
Stop Thief! is a provocative and urgent philosophical work that reclaims anarchism from the hands of thinkers who borrow its critique without embracing it. Catherine Malabou develops a concept of the “non-governable,” presenting anarchism as a radical pathway to challenge political domination and rethink ethical and political life. Clear, bold, and intellectually rigorous, this book is essential for anyone interested in political theory, philosophy, and contemporary critiques of power.