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Timaeus

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The dialogue takes place the day after Socrates described his ideal state. In Plato's works such a discussion occurs in the Republic. Socrates feels that his description of the ideal state wasn't sufficient for the purposes of entertainment and that "I would be glad to hear some account of it engaging in transactions with other states" (19b).
Hermocrates wishes to oblige Socrates and mentions that Critias knows just the account (20b) to do so. Critias proceeds to tell the story of Solon's journey to Egypt where he hears the story of Atlantis, and how Athens used to be an ideal state that subsequently waged war against Atlantis (25a). Critias believes that he is getting ahead of himself, and mentions that Timaeus will tell part of the account from the origin of the universe to man. The history of Atlantis is postponed to Critias. The main content of the dialogue, the exposition by Timaeus, follows.

160 pages, Kindle Edition

First published January 1, 361

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Plato

5,481 books8,942 followers
Plato (Greek: Πλάτων), born Aristocles (c. 427 – 348 BC), was an ancient Greek philosopher of the Classical period who is considered a foundational thinker in Western philosophy and an innovator of the written dialogue and dialectic forms. He raised problems for what became all the major areas of both theoretical philosophy and practical philosophy, and was the founder of the Platonic Academy, a philosophical school in Athens where Plato taught the doctrines that would later become known as Platonism.
Plato's most famous contribution is the theory of forms (or ideas), which has been interpreted as advancing a solution to what is now known as the problem of universals. He was decisively influenced by the pre-Socratic thinkers Pythagoras, Heraclitus, and Parmenides, although much of what is known about them is derived from Plato himself.
Along with his teacher Socrates, and Aristotle, his student, Plato is a central figure in the history of philosophy. Plato's entire body of work is believed to have survived intact for over 2,400 years—unlike that of nearly all of his contemporaries. Although their popularity has fluctuated, they have consistently been read and studied through the ages. Through Neoplatonism, he also greatly influenced both Christian and Islamic philosophy. In modern times, Alfred North Whitehead famously said: "the safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato."

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Profile Image for Fergus, Weaver of Autistic Webs.
1,273 reviews18.6k followers
March 19, 2026
One of the best ancient descriptions of the Kingdom of Atlantis - before its catastrophic submersion - you're likely to find.

The first time I read it was over fifty years ago in my university freshman year.

My brain had been set to simmer by the heady atmosphere of Philosophy 101, and was now resting on the back burner during the long train ride home for Thanksgiving.

I had needed some brain food for Canadian National’s grinding but nonetheless - for a young dreamer like me - strangely soothing train ride up North.

So I’d grabbed Timaeus at the Douglas Library and hurriedly borrowed it.

I’d heard it was somewhat mystical, and I wanted to relive the same type of
Rêverie as Valery’s méditations on seashells had produced in me a week or so earlier!

Well, it started out quaintly enough, but soon devolved into incomprehensible geometrical and mathematical discussions.

But so relaxed was I by being free of course work for the weekend, and the lulling, gentle rhythm of the train, I kept on reading. Lost in space, even though the thread of Socrates’ argument was also lost on me!

Peeking out of the large window too, from time to time, to savour the reds, oranges and yellows of the autumn leaves...

Why do so many literary-minded philosophers love math?

Beats me!

For Plato just made me dream technicolor dreams.

Then, as the text progressed, Socrates went Gnostic - giving us a creation myth that's odd but, and this is the good part, mystical indeed. Like the classic part about men and women originally being one person.

You think spouses have arguments NOW!? Well, back in the old days..!

But I was firmly ensconced in Lala-land during during that train ride, like Prufrock...

We have lingered in the chambers of the sea
With seagirls wreathed in seaweed, red and brown
Till human voices wake us - and we drown!

And wake me up they did!

When I arrived back home, the world of mundane matters once again seized the foreground of my mind and took centre stage, as my parents quizzed me.

Endless questions about new friends, work habits, and professors.

The real world never lets up, does it?

But if I had learned anything from Plato, it was this: inspiration. The inspiration of dreams.

That now seems nearly a lifetime ago. I have changed from being a continuous dreamer to become a Christian humanist.

My dreams have all dreamed themselves out, like a reversible jacket that, suddenly totally aware of itself, has turned itself completely outside in:

And my dreaming life is now very much like my daylight hours! We old folks get to a point where our LIfe Itself becomes an everyday dream...

Around me, the world has utterly changed too. Intelligent dreamers are passé.

Two lifetimes ago T.S. Eliot bemoaned the world’s modern tendency to run on its “metalled rails of appetency.”

NOW those rails and that appetency are digitalized and sacrosanct, enshrined in the constitution.

It’s become a surface world.

When I took the train, that day so many years ago, it was a world of hidden depths, though...

But although my Faith has long been what’s sacrosanct for me, those depths have largely discharged assorted wreckage and useless junk upon the beach of so many of my friends’ old age, in abhorrently cold depression.

A trade-off with faith would have by now yielded peace, joy and what used to be called Wisdom, when the mystery of the deep was exposed as an ersatz truism.

Well, it’s enough.

It’s been a respectably long life in this tinsel world - and I’m ready for the next!

But I am still haunted by old books.

Their magic. Their mystery. Their WONDER.

And you know, by the end of that first long-ago semester I had won the University Prize for first-year English.

And now, with the help of my books, I can finally say I KNOW myself and the world reasonably well.

Which just goes to show you - don’t diss your dreams, kids!

They’ll take you far, if you let them.

But, you know... Plato’s Atlantean complexity is STILL Greek to me, even now:

But the dreams he evoked powered my life strongly enough to lead me to my Journey’s End - safely.
Profile Image for Orhan Pelinkovic.
115 reviews315 followers
July 31, 2021
The book opens with a brief dialog between Socrates, Timaeus, Hermocrates, and Critias, which swiftly retrogrades into a long monologue by Timaeus himself, during which time Socrates sits quietly and listens.

Timaeus, from Locri, Italy, is a fictional character and his monologue is in fact Plato's lecture, but the philosophy presented bears a resemblance to the one of Pythagoras.

Plato (c.427-347 BCE) in Timaeus c.360 BCE discusses the origins and principles of cosmology; from the creation of the cosmos to the nature of things and humans physiology, sensory perceptions, and the well-being and maladies of the body and soul.

In Timaeus, Demiurge is the artisan that brings the cosmos from a disorderly state to an orderly harmony. The creator, Demiurge, is good and he builds a cosmos similar to himself. Timaeus' cosmos is beautiful, perfect, and a visible living being, like an organism, that is created on insightful principles in which Demiurge placed the mind into the soul and the soul into the body.

Timaeus believes that only a single spherical universe exists with a round rotating floating Earth at its center. A universe in which the Earth and all the other heavenly bodies are created and immortal and the earthly beings created but mortal.

The elements that constitute matter: water (fluid), air (gas), earth (solid), and fire (plasma) are shaped in various geometrical bodies (Platonic solids) in which the triangles they are composed of are the elementary particles of nature.

Timaeus' cosmos is mechanistic and emerged from mathematical knowledge that is governed by necessity and the divine. A universe in which energy remains constant and the observable moving image of eternal space flows to the pulse of a number that we call time.

Plato's Timaeus reads like a mythical prose poem which was apparently influenced by the “three Pythagorean books” published by Philolaus that Plato bought and Timon of Phlius said: "Well, you too, Plato, were obsessed with the desire to acquire followers; and because of it, for much money, you bought a small book, and from it, you learned to write Timaeus." Fact of fiction, we'll never know, but I like to think that Timaeus is a product of Plato's and Pythagorean philosophy.
Profile Image for فؤاد.
1,154 reviews2,443 followers
July 23, 2019
رسالهٔ تيمائوس، خلاصه‌ايست از جهان‌بينى افلاطون، كه حاوى بخش ابتدايى اسطوره‌اى، بخش كوچكى در فلسفه و بخش بزرگى در طبيعيات است. بخش فلسفى مخصوصاً به دليل طرح مباحثى كه بعداً توسط ارسطو تكميل شد و به صورت نظريهٔ معروف صورت و ماده درآمد اهميت دارد. بخش اسطوره‌ای بعدها توسط نوافلاطونی‌ها، گنوسی‌ها و مانوی‌ها گسترش یافت و تا مدت‌ها اساس تفکر عرفانی در خاورمیانه، مصر و اروپا را رقم زد.

مكالمه شبى پس از مكالمهٔ جمهور واقع می‌شود، و اين بار سقراط شنونده است و تيمائوس گوينده و از آفرينش جهان و انسان سخن مى‌گويد.

١. آفرينش جهان
جهان، از دو بخش تشکیل شده: بخشی محسوس و تغییرپذیر، و بخشی نامحسوس و تغییرناپذیر. آن چه که حقیقت را می‌سازد بخش تغییرناپذیر است که حاوی صورت‌های جاودان همه چیز است.

روزی روزگاری یک «دمیورگوس» یا صانع، خواست از روی آن حقایق نامحسوس و جاودان، جهانی مادی بسازد. برای این مقصود به مادهٔ اوليه‌ای نیاز داشت. اين مادهٔ اوليه بر خلاف تصور عموم، خاك و آب و باد و آتش نيست، چرا كه اولاً خود اين عناصر به يكديگر تبديل مى‌شوند، پس خود ماده‌اى مشترک دارند، و ثانياً مادهٔ اوليه بايد عارى از هر صورتى باشد، اما عناصر اربعه صور خاص خود دارند؛ بلكه مادهٔ اوليه، ماده‌ایست بى شكل و قابل پذيرش اشكال مختلف، و چنين مادهٔ بى شكلى تنها با عقل قابل ادراك است نه با حس.

پس «صانع» به سراغ آن مادهٔ مطلقاً بی شکل رفت و به آن صورت جهان بخشيد، که کامل‌ترین صورت ممکن بود: كره. اين كره، که می‌توان آن را کرهٔ آسمان نامید، به گرد خويش مى‌چرخد و چرخش ستارگان و روز و شب را ايجاد مى‌كند.

٢. آفرينش موجودات
صانع سپس ساكنان جهان را خلق نمود.
نخست خدايان را آفريد: موجوداتى جاودانى به كامل‌رين شكل ممكن (كره) كه هميشه حركتى ثابت دارند و دستخوش تغيير نمى‌شوند: ستارگان.

پس از آن كه صانع، خدايان را ساخت، آفرينش انسان را به ايشان محوّل كرد. به اين ترتيب كه جزء روحانى و جاودانى انسان را خود ساخت، و ساختن جزء جسمانى و فانى او را به خدايان سپرد.

سر انسان كه كامل‌ترين عضو و جايگاه جزء روحانى است، باز به صورت كامل‌ترين شكل ممكن (كره) است، و تن در حقيقت مَركَب سر است تا به وسيلهٔ آن حركت كند و نيازهايش را تأمين نمايد.

٣. طبيعيات
بخش پایانی رساله بحث مفصلى است دربارهٔ كيفيت خلق و خصوصيات هر یک از موجودات، به خصوص عناصر اربعه، و اعضاى بدن انسان.
Profile Image for Erik Graff.
5,188 reviews1,505 followers
October 5, 2015
The sources for the myth of Atlantis are two: Plato's dialogs Timaeus and Critias, primarily the latter. That's it. The rest is much more modern invention.

Cornford's Plato books are usually detailed and excellent, albeit perhaps too detailed and technical for some readers. In this edition he did the translation as well as an introduction and preface, apparently abstracted from his longer Plato's Cosmology. Since the Timaeus is primarily a geometricized cosmology, something pretty alien to modern thinking, the commentary is welcome.
Profile Image for David Sarkies.
1,972 reviews390 followers
December 16, 2018
Socrates and Science
15 December 2018 – Perth

This book is famous for all the wrong reasons, and it basically has something to do with a city that for some reason Jason Moma seems to have a very strong connection to. Yet, while this is generally known as the Atlantis dialogue, in reality it isn’t, that accolade goes to the partner dialogue, the Critias. However, at the start, there is this discussion on this city named Atlantis, and how Critias came to learn of its existence, however, at this stage I’ll leave it with Jason Moma and move on to what this text is actually about.

You could say that this is Plato’s scientific text, namely it is the dialogue where he explores how things work, how the world was created, and why things are the way they are. To say that he is completely and utterly wrong is an understatement in and of itself, but the thing is that we are talking about some guy writing something like two and a half thousand years ago, so we can sort of give him a little bit of slack.

However, the problem I faced is that having read Lucretius, I just simply got this feeling that Plato, well, simply was not a scientist. Sure, when it comes to political and ethical theory, then he certainly excels in that department, but it seems that what he is doing is attempting to cram quite a lot of information, information that is expanded by the works of three people down the track – Ptolemy, Galen, and Lucretius – that the text itself really does seem to be a bit rushed.

Look, when I first read it, I thought it was amazing, and kept on raising the question that if the Greeks were this insightful, why is it that they didn’t develop technology faster than it was actually developed? Well, it seems that the editor does try to answer that question, and no, it has something to do with the idea that a slave society had no need for tools and equipment to make their lives easier. Apparently, in the twilight of the Roman Empire, there were some experiments in developing a rudimentary assembly line, namely for producing bread. No, the suggestion was that there were a lot technologies that we have, such as cast iron and gunpowder among many others, that were simply not available to the Greeks.

Yet what about the scientific method. Well, that wasn’t something that was necessarily developed until the era of Isaac Newton, but that didn’t necessarily mean that Plato, nor the others, weren’t going about inquiring as to the nature of the universe the wrong way. The thing is that what we are seeing here is the beginning of this idea that there are reasons that things happen in this world, and these things aren’t happening because some randy God is throwing a trantrum because he didn’t get his own way. What we are seeing is that people are beginning to observe things, starting to see patterns, and beginning to question the reasons behind these patterns.

However, one thing that does bug me is that I am not entirely sure if this is actually Plato. I’m not saying that Plato didn’t necessarily write this dialogue, but rather my feeling is that Plato is espousing things that no doubt were handed down to him from other sources. There is a suggestion that Timeaus may never have existed, but just because we don’t have any external references to him does not mean that he didn’t exist. I should also note that Critias happens to be Plato’s grandfather, so there is certainly a connection there (as well as there being a connection through Socrates).

In the end though, what the whole dialogue is about is that Plato is continuing to explore this idea of a perfect system of government, a dialogue that started back in the Republic. This is clear from the opening discussion at the beginning. Yet, for some reason, Plato then seems to diverge from this topic and delve into a scientific exploration of the origins of the universe. The editor suggested that Plato is simply laying the groundwork for his discussion on Atlantis in the next dialogue, but honestly, I’m not all that convinced.
Profile Image for ciel.
196 reviews33 followers
December 29, 2022
One WILD cosmogenic ride through astronomy, geometry, mechanics, 4-element chemistry, psychology, physiology and what not! Genesis seems relatively tame. A noticeable shift in history of origin of world from reproduction analogies to a craftsman analogy (deliberate creation). Appears to be like baking the cosmos-dodecahedron from cubes (earth), air (octahedron), fire (pyramid), and water (icosahedron) in A Bowl.

Besides craziness and basic disappointments from modern science perspectives, many highlights.
a) Transmigration of soul (the link of soul - motion strengthens connection with 1st law of thermodynamics & reminds more of Buddhist than Western scriptures)
b) first steps toward Kantian metaphysics/ epistemology/ language by distinguishing between World of Being (Platonic forms) and World of Becoming (sensory perceived things), wherein forms exist in themselves.
c) the microcosm and macrocosm parallelism we find again in Christian medieval cosmology
d) the Demiurge as not omnipotent and not equated with the supreme God or pantheon (different from God of Genesis).

The visual perception accounts are UnHiNGeD; if modern science/ psychology were as creative I probably would enjoy my degree more ngl.

Not much cool stuff about the physiology and medicine paragraphs besides wtf okay. Thanks for diagnosing me with seed in marrow overflowing, Plato, delightful.
Profile Image for G.R. Reader.
Author 1 book213 followers
September 13, 2015
Sleep-inducing New Age crap. But maybe Plato was just kidding.
Profile Image for Dimitris Papastergiou.
2,611 reviews88 followers
May 28, 2024
Plato's Timaeus is a cornerstone of ancient philosophy, blending metaphysics with proto-scientific inquiry. This dialogue explores the creation of the world, the nature of the Gods, and the human body. Its rich tapestry has inspired thinkers and creators for millennia.

Theories on World Creation and Gods

In Timaeus, Plato presents a detailed account of the cosmos's origin. His method of explaining the cosmos's structure parallels how fiction/fantasy authors create elaborate stories/mythologies and that shows a lot of how for ages he inspired humanity to create with his philosophical and theoretical work.

Human Body and Health

Plato's exploration of the human body blends philosophy with empirical observation. While he gets a lot of facts and research for insights into health and anatomy from Asclepius (and I'm guessing other doctors of his times) reflecting an early attempt to understand human physiology systematically. This mix of speculative thought and practical knowledge shows Plato's commitment to grounding his theories in observable facts (even though wrong at times, but give the guy a break, it was like 300BC at the time).

And while Plato's views on the body were influential, they were limited by the lack of modern scientific knowledge about anatomy, physiology etc. His focus was more on the soul's relationship to the body than on empirical facts about the body itself.

Plato as a Proto-Fantasy Author

Plato's detailed and imaginative account of the world's creation, for me personally, it marks him as a precursor to modern fantasy authors. His method of explaining the genesis and structure of the cosmos is akin to how writers build immersive fictional worlds. I'd read his theories and ideas and think of when I'd read of Tolkien's Middle Earth or Warcraft Lore, or D&D books and even various myths and legends from other civilizations. His influence extends to crafting Gods and establishing cosmological order, which are hallmarks of the fantasy genre.

And finally...

The Atlantis Narrative

The reason this book is known for, even though it has so little to do with and it's only a few pages long of a story.

The Atlantis story, told by Critias in Timaeus, which was told to Solon by Egyptian priests, describes the powerful, utopian island civilization which we all know, the rise and literal fall of Atantis that sinks into the ocean. Depicted as an ideal society with perfect warriors, who attacked every ancient nation, and winning every battle but one, the Greeks, who freed everyone from the Atlanteans, and pretty much saved their kingdom. Atlantis's downfall serves as a moral and philosophical allegory of course.

This narrative lays the groundwork for myths about lost civilizations in literature and pop-culture and even though it is just an allegory lots of ancient philosophers, historians, and even poets throughout the years, took a shot at Atlantis being real and there are even hypothesis that it was based maybe on the Minoan civilization, or based on a little island known as Thera (iirc) near ancient Crete who fell and if I continue I can tell you countless other theories based on Plato's little story from back then up until now told by modern historians and archeologists.

Dialogue and Philosophical Depth

As with the Republic, once again, Plato's skill in crafting dialogues is evident here too. The interplay between characters, logical arguments, and profound philosophical questions showcase his ability to engage readers in deep contemplation. His dialogues are vibrant conversations that illuminate complex ideas about reality, ethics, and human existence.

Timaeus is a testament to Plato's intellectual prowess, blending myth, philosophy, and proto-science into a compelling narrative. While some theories may seem archaic (and of course science proved some of them wrong) the foundational ideas and exploration method remain influential.

Atlantis:
Σ'αυτή, λοιπόν, την νήσο Ατλαντίδα υπήρχε μεγάλη και θαυμαστή βασιλική δύναμη,
που επικρατούσε σε όλο το νησί, καθώς και σε πολλά άλλα νησιά και μέρη της ηπείρου. Επιπλέον, στα δικά μας μέρη, ήταν άρχοντες. Όλη αυτή η δύναμη, συναθροισμένη σε ένα στράτευμα, επιχείρησε κάποτε να υποδουλώσει με ορμή τον δικό σας και τον δικό μας και κάθε τόπο εντός του στομίου.

Τότε, λοιπόν, Σόλωνα, η δύναμη της πόλης σας έγινε εμφανής σε άπαντες τους ανθρώπους, ως προς την αρετή και την ρώμη της, γιατί πρωτοστάτησε ενώπιον όλων με ευψυχία και με όσες πολεμικές τέχνες κατείχε, αρχικά ως ηγεμόνας των Ελλήνων κι έπειτα - εξ ανάγκης απομονωμένη, όταν οι άλλοι αποστάτησαν - φτάνοντας στους έσχατους κινδύνους, νίκησε τους επιδρομείς κι έστησε τρόπαιο, αποτρέποντας την υποδούλωση των μη υπόδουλων και ελευθερώνοντας μεγαλόκαρδα όλους τους άλλους, όσους κατοικούμε εντός των ορίων των Ηρακλείων Στηλών.

Σε κατοπινούς χρόνους, όταν έγιναν φοβεροί σεισμοί και κατακλυσμοί, μέσα σε μία ημέρα και μία νύχτα τρομερή, όλοι οι μαχητές σας χάθηκαν αθρόοι μέσα στη γη και η νήσος Ατλαντίδα αφανίστηκε, παρομοίως βυθισμένη στην θάλασσα. Γι'αυτό και τώρα έγινε απροσπέλαστο και αδιερεύνητο το εκεί πέλαγος, αφού εμποδίζει ο εντελώς βαθύς πηλός, τον οποίο άφησε το νησί καθώς καταποντιζόταν.
Profile Image for Uroš Đurković.
946 reviews244 followers
November 1, 2019
1) Da, Atlantida. Kritija se seća detinjst(a)va. (59)

2) Kosmos je najlepši od svega što je postalo (68), a Tvorac je dobar, sve postoji postoji da bi ličilo njemu samom i kosmos je živo biće obdareno dušom i umom. (70)

3) Noć i dan su stvoreni da bi postojala neka vidljiva mera za odnos sporosti i brzine nebeskih tela. (78)

4) Tvorac zapovedi da se prave živa bića i smeša u peharu dušu svemira. (80)

5) Jedan kosmos ili više kosmosa?

6) Stvori se glava i telo glavi da joj bude olakšica za putovanje – zato je telo dobilo visinu, a izrasla su mu i 4 izdužena i savitljiva uda. (83-84)

7) Oči su vatra koja nema osobinu da gori – unutrašnja vatra ističe kroz oči u gustom i glatkom mlazu, a očna jabučica je zgusnuta da bi sprečila krupnije čestice. (84) Kapci su prirodna zaštita oka – „susprežu silu unutrašnje vatre”. Ukoliko je mirovanje kapaka veliko – nastaje san. (85) San je, dakle, suspregnutost vatre. Sluh postoji da bi se pojmila harmonija unutar kretanja duše, a ritam nam je dat da nas čuva od nedostataka mera i oskudice u ljupkosti svojstvene većini ljudi. (87) [Pogledati obavezno Osnovno načelo Laze Kostića.]

8) Prostor ne podleže propadanju a pruža boravište svemu što postaje (93)

9) Razvijanje dihotomija – hrapavo/glatko, zadovoljstvo/bol. (107) Hrapavo je gorko, glatko je kiselo. (109)

10) U trupu se nalazi smrtni deo duše. (114) Srce predstavlja telesnu stražu (kao opomena za strasti) (114), a pluća su rashladni uređaj srca (115). Slezina je sunđer jetre. (117)

11) Moždina čini koren smrtnog roda, a mozak je deo moždine predodređen da kao oranica primi božje seme. (118)

12) Ono što nas spolja okružuje neprekidno nas razara i razdvaja odašiljući otkinute deliće svaki prema srodnoj vrsti. (126)

13) Bolest je neodgovarajući raspored elemenata. (127) Žuč je uvek vezana za upale. (131) Groznica za višak vatre. (132) I nezajažljivost u ljubavnoj strasti je bolest duše. (133)

14) Niko nije zao ni rđav svojom voljom već čovek postaje takav zbog lošeg telesnog sklopa ili odgoja. (133)

15) Priroda stidnih delova muškaraca je nepokorna – ključa živototvorna težnja za izlivanjem. (138)

16) Krajnje antropocentrična i geocentrična vizija sveta. Životinje su nastale od ljudi koji nisu skloni umnim radom. Budući da su bliži zemlji, bog im je dao i više oslonaca. (139)
Profile Image for Frank.
961 reviews50 followers
October 26, 2018
A very wide ranging speculation, presented as fact, covering everything from the origin of the universe, to medicine, ethics, prehistory and the physical sciences. Perhaps the most valuable reflections relate to chemistry, encompassing the notion that matter is made up of combinations of more elementary building blocks capable of recombination. Plato's signature argument for creation from eternal templates is given novel and trenchant presentation.
Profile Image for AiK.
726 reviews277 followers
October 30, 2021
Это диалоги о космосе – происхождении звезд, неба, солнца, земли, воздуха, человека, его тела и души. Платон считал, что демиург устроил ум в душе, а душу в теле и что наш космос – есть живое существо, наделенное умом и душой. Современные представления о мироздании сильно отличаются. Но благодаря этому труду, мы можем знать, какие представления были у древних. Это первоисточник для изучения истории мысли.
Profile Image for Amy.
840 reviews44 followers
February 11, 2019
The universe and souls and our bodies and geometry.
Profile Image for Scott Meadows.
285 reviews30 followers
January 16, 2026
50% "Wow, this is fascinating. This even sounds like the Trinity!"
50% "What on earth is he talking about."

Read for Anselm House 2026 Fellows cohort.
Profile Image for Mary-Jean Harris.
Author 23 books55 followers
April 28, 2017
This was an intriguing account of, well, EVERYTHING. Plato is certainly a genius in uniting diverse aspects of reality together, yet although it's a dialogue, except for the very beginning, it's pretty much just a monologue from Timaeus recounting to his friends (Socrates and co.) about what a man had told him when he was a boy. The start of Timaeus's account was the highlight for me, because at about the point where the triangles that underlie all existence are introduced (which I tried to draw but just couldn't fit them together properly), as well as the explanation about human physiology (which seemed so far fetched and was very long), it got to be pretty tedious. But still, The Timaeus forms much of the basis of Plotinus's works, and apart from the triangles, isn't that hard to understand.
Profile Image for Oliver.
154 reviews20 followers
June 22, 2026
Formally, Timeaus is one of Plato’s most perplexing dialogues in a number of truly unprecedented ways. Before we open that can of worms, however, it’s worth taking a moment to examine the content.

Timeaus is primarily famous for introducing an epic, sprawling genealogy of the universe. The demiurge, forming a material copy of eternal, intelligible being to the best of his ability, necessarily fashioned a world of the best possible quality. If this all sounds vaguely Leibnizian in character, then that’s hardly a coincidence; for centuries, the Timeaus was the most closely studied and widely praised Platonic work in Christendom. In fact, Christianity as we know it might be unrecognisable were it not for the enthusiasm with which the early architects of Christian theology took up the Timeaus.

Whilst theology’s embrace of the Timeaus may be its most lasting and prominent legacy, this is not to suggest that philosophers didn’t themselves take it plenty seriously. Hegel, for one, finds there the rudiments of his world-soul, developing it from a relatively literal anthropomorphism into the immanent concept of the unfolding of spirit in history. Perhaps even more substantially, we find in the Timeaus (one of?) the earliest expressions of the identity/difference dialectic and its relationship to reason, which was later to be taken up by Plotinus and eventually fully realised in Hegel (see Andrew Cole’s The Birth Of Theory).

There are plenty of continuities in content with the Republic, from which the Timeaus immediately proceeds both chronologically and diagetically. It doubles down on a number of ideas explored in the Republic, most notably the becoming-opinion/being-truth hierarchy, as well as directly recapitulating previously established Platonic/Socratic claims, like the causal fissure between evil and the will (from the Protagoras) and the relationship between philosophy and immortality (from the Phaedo).

Now, whilst this is all well and good, these continuities in content vanish into insignificance before the radical discontinuity in form. Indeed, I would argue that the content of the Timeaus itself cannot be and must not be crudely extracted from the burning question of why Plato opted to present it in this eccentric, remarkably uncharacteristic manner.

The Timeaus is the absolute antithesis to the Republic in both form and framing; immediately following what can reasonably be described as a (didactic and analogical) plan for the utopia of the future, Timeaus takes a sudden detour into the deep, mythical past, ostensibly for the purpose of setting the stage for Critias’ demonstration of the continuity between Plato’s ideal state and the ancient Athenians. Again, Plato explicitly situates this dialogue as, temporally speaking, the immediate sequel to the Republic’s discussions. The juxtaposition between the two is so immense that I can’t help suspect that Plato himself must have recognised the comedy in such a casually conjoined disparity. Anyone who has read his early dialogues knows just how wry and subtly satirical he can be when he so wishes. 

The Timeaus is everything the Republic isn't: its imagistic where the Republic is abstract, poetic where the Republic is prosaic (not to mention fundamentally hostile to poetry!), and nostalgic where the Republic is iconoclastic. Even if it explores a number of the same themes—some explicitly, some less so—it does so in such a diametrically opposed tone that Plato was practically forced to let Socrates take a back seat. There is absolutely nothing socratic about the Timeaus, and so he would have made a very unsuitable expositor indeed. Whatever dialectic or elenchus there is exists purely to set up Timeaus’ absurdly long speech, which takes up the vast majority of the so-called “dialogue”. There have been a number of grand and protracted speeches in previous Platonic works, but none of this scope or ambition; Timeaus isn’t inviting us into a discourse, he’s informing us of what is, or at the very least what he has been told regarding what is.  

Is it possible that the Timeaus was both a genuine exploration of Plato’s pythagorean cosmology, whilst simultaneously performing a sly reductio ad absurdum of poetry’s incapacity to efficiently and coherently express conceptual thought? It’s beautifully written and inspires wonder in the reader, but in doing so the Timeaus somewhat obscures whatever worthwhile insights upon the universal structure of reality it might contain. 

Alternatively, could this also be Plato’s attempt to rewrite the poetic/mythological tradition? Does he mean to prove that one can do the cataloguing of Hesiod beyond the mere happenings of becoming, without sacrificing the foregrounding of objective, “scientific” relations? If so, it’s certainly debatable the degree to which he was successful. Could it be that the Timeaus was published as a response to what might well have been an expected public backlash over Plato’s raking the poetic tradition—nay, tradition as such—over the coals? Is this why Timeaus takes the reigns, in order to put a degree of authorial distance between Plato and the text? Is the Timeaus an uncharacteristic concession to the doxa, or a satirical response to it?

Might we instead go so far as to entertain the rather uncomfortable possibility that our dear Sage simply, if briefly, regressed? H. E. Havelock seems to think so, but I feel that this reading is uncharitable at worst and oversimplifying at best. If anything, his Preface to Plato should empower us to practically dismiss this possibility out of hand — is it really believable that Plato would, in effect, thoughtlessly torpedo his entire philosophical project immediately after elevating it to its most accomplished expression? 

The mere fact that the Timeaus raises so many deliciously provocative questions and implies so many irresolvable tensions makes it a worthwhile read for anyone even remotely interested in Plato’s development (if you can tolerate the endless stream of largely obsolete, if charming, observations on the sciences).
Profile Image for Kaethe.
6,582 reviews537 followers
Did Not Finish
April 24, 2022
One might be tempted to read more of this in instances of insomnia, but Plato's understanding of society and humanity is so egregiously faulty that I cannot get through a single sentence without outrage or at least an attempt at mordant humor. File this under What Not to Read. It does make me wonder, though, what one author from today will still be in print and possibly even read 2500 years from now, and how embarrassed would we all be to be represented by that body of work?
Profile Image for RC.
39 reviews1 follower
November 17, 2022
timaeus, it’s ok to stop and take a breath yknow
Profile Image for Genni.
288 reviews48 followers
April 5, 2019
I’ve been working my way through medieval literature and my dad was in Santorini last week so it seemed like a good time to revisit the Timaeus.

Plato begins with a recap of The Republic and has Socrates state that he would like an example of just such an organized state and what it was like when it went to war. But before his companions agree to do that, they decide that they must begin at creation, speculate about that for a bit, work their way to mankind, and from mankind tell the story of how the perfect example of Socrates’ city (which turns out to be ancient, ancient, Athens, of course) goes to war against the evil Atlantis. Why do they need to start at creation?

Then as to wisdom, do you observe how our law from the very first made a study of the whole order of things, extending even to prophecy and medicine which gives health, out of these divine elements deriving what was needful for human life, and adding every sort of knowledge which was akin to them.

From this passage I am guessing that he wants to tie his city from The Republic to greater wisdom than he alone can provide, and the greatest wisdom could only come from a great organizer, the creator. His idea needs to fit in the grand scheme of things and this is the beginning of an attempt to do that.

The companions follow their plan and Timaeus begins a long monologue about creation, but the dialogue ends up collapsing under the weight of it’s subjects. He does somehow manage to cover “the whole order of things”, but in such a short dialogue there was no way for him to do it satisfactorily (ancient science aside). It is interesting to read, though, because knowledge today has become so compartmentalized. Everyone is a specialist and stays in his/her own area. I think it is valuable that Plato reminds us to look at the big picture and see how our ideas (in his case, his ideal city) fit in a comprehensive view.
Profile Image for Manuel Alfonseca.
Author 81 books237 followers
April 20, 2017
The Timaeus is usually considered the platonic dialogue that deals with cosmology. However, although in a cosmological environment, it could be considered as a treatise on human physiology, explained in relation to the cosmos and making continual use of final causes to explain things.
The Timaeus is divided into three parts: the first explains the form and origin of the cosmos (including a proof that the multiverse cannot exist) and uses this information to explain the shape of the human head and the difference between the anterior and the posterior parts of the body.
The second explains the composition of the cosmos with a very curious theory, no doubt of Pythagorean origin, which considers that the basis of everything are two rectangular triangles: one isosceles and one scalene, the result of dividing in two an equilateral triangle. This theory is then used to explain human sensitivity.
The third part is devoted to explaining the various parts of the body, and the respiratory, circulatory and excretory functions, including a theory of health and disease. There is also a theory about prophetic dreams, largely superseded by Aristotle, who in a small treatise gives a surprisingly modern explanation.
Critias is an incomplete dialog where the legend of Atlantis first appeared, although there is a summary at the beginning of Timaeus.
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El Timeo se considera usualmente el diálogo platónico que trata de cosmología. Sin embargo, aunque en un entorno cosmológico, podría considerarse como un tratado de fisiología humana que se explica en relación con el cosmos y haciendo uso continuamente de causas finales para explicar las cosas.
El Timeo se divide en tres partes: en la primera se explica la forma y el origen del cosmos (incluida una demostración de que no puede existir el multiverso), y se hace uso de esta información para explicar la forma de la cabeza humana y la diferencia entre la parte anterior y la posterior del cuerpo.
En la segunda se explica la composición del cosmos con una teoría curiosísima, sin duda de origen pitagórico, que considera que la base de todo son dos triángulos rectángulos: uno isósceles y otro escaleno, resultado de dividir en dos un triángulo equilátero. A continuación se utiliza esta teoría para explicar la sensibilidad humana.
La tercera se dedica a explicar las diversas partes del cuerpo y las funciones respiratoria, circulatoria y excretora, así como una teoría de la salud y de la enfermedad. Hay también una teoría sobre el sueño adivinatorio ampliamente superada por Aristóteles, que en un pequeño tratado da una explicación sorprendentemente moderna.
Critias es un diálogo incompleto en el que apareció por primera vez la leyenda de la Atlántida, aunque hay también un resumen al principio del Timeo.
Profile Image for Jack.
730 reviews90 followers
April 7, 2019
Probably the most difficult Platonic dialogue I've read; it's not exactly philosophical and it's not exactly a dialogue. Timaeus is about a mathematical / mythical origin tale of the cosmos, and almost all of it went completely over my head.

I decided that I was interested in reading Plotinus, and opened the first Ennead, which began in ruminations on the soul. I hadn't really thought much about souls in a long time - some vague understanding of psychology had made the soul obsolete in my mental vocabulary. To facilitate my understanding of Plotinus' understanding of the soul, I decided to read Aristotle's De Anima. Aristotle is difficult but pleasurable in a pure pedagogical sense; I rarely enjoy the experience of reading him but always feel like I've come away with a lot to think about. Aristotle's grounded proto-scientific account of the soul was interesting, although from what I knew of Plotinus I knew a keen understanding of Greek proto-scientific theories would not strictly be relevant, for he is more mystical.

So I said I'd go back to Plato, try and read some dialogues related to the soul among other things I could expect to appear in Plotinus. Timaeus itself was another roadblock to that ambition. My knowledge of maths is woefully limited as I was taught particularly badly in secondary school, but I know enough about science to know how primitive theories of the four elements are. This dialogue was uniquely challenging because I just didn't know how to read it. I had to take the discussions of geometry and such at face value, while trying to understand the elements of natural science I knew to be outdated within a broader context. This proved to be even more difficult than Aristotle, because I was always mindful of the poetic and literary elements of Plato's style, which on the whole made me wonder just what I was reading, what I was supposed to think.

I think I'll try reading again, because I would like to penetrate the shallow perspective I have of the dialogue, but perhaps first I'll move to something more on familiar ground.
Profile Image for David Shane.
204 reviews42 followers
July 4, 2021
A fun and sometimes difficult read... a strange book to review. It presents itself as a sort of science textbook, "the story of the universe so far as to the generation of man", Timaeus (the main character) says toward the end. And were I reviewing it as a modern science textbook, I would have to say "uh, LOADS of what this guy says we now think are incorrect, do not read!". However, as a book written in 360 BC by a smart man who had reason, basic observations about the world, and some theology to guide him, it is quite interesting and more than once has remarkable parallels to what modern science does teach us about the world... discussing those parallels could be a whole book in itself, and surely is somewhere. (It's also often quite funny, particularly when Timaeus is dismissing people who think other than he!)

I actually heard the book recommended at a classical Christian schooling conference as "science teachers should read this". Why? For one, Plato's method of reasoning is interesting to follow, even as we (with much better observations now than he had) would not agree with his conclusions. But he does also take the position that the Demiurge and subsidiary gods created the universe to be intelligible, and that it is a "divine" activity of man to study and reflect upon that intelligibility. There is something for Christians to appreciate in his mindset, therefore.
Profile Image for Hussain Ali.
Author 2 books175 followers
November 14, 2022
يحتاج إلى قراءة ثانية وثالثة... إلى عاشرة لبعض المواضيع بالذات!!
Profile Image for una filósofa viciosa.
101 reviews9 followers
January 4, 2019
Demasiado para una sola lectura, con un gran número de "cosas" entre líneas y el trabajo de diferenciar entre las metáforas y las afirmaciones literales.
Me gustó bastante pero necesito releerlo.
Profile Image for Illiterate.
2,936 reviews61 followers
June 9, 2023
Teleological metaphysics built on mind and necessity. Creation myth, natural philosophy, idealist speculation.
Profile Image for Абрахам Хосебр.
818 reviews127 followers
September 2, 2025
"Тимей" Платона - історія про Атлантиду переказана з четвертих уст, що закінчується описом взаємодії космосу з матеріальною душею



Діалог є продовженням "Держави" і відбувається на наступний день.
Суть діалогу - Сократ намагається уявити як би мала виглядати і діяти вимрієна ним ідеальна країна. В цьому йому допомагає Критій згадуючи історію про Атлантиду, а потім естафету перехоплює Тимей і описує ідеальність космосу та зв'язок між Творцем, молодшими богами, елементами, душею, та тілом.

Сократ каже:

"Послухайте, яке почуття викликає в мене наш малюнок державного устрою. Це почуття схоже на те, що відчуваєш, побачивши якихось шляхетних, красивих звірів, зображених на картині, а то й живих, але нерухомих: неодмінно захочеться подивитися, які вони в русі і як вони при боротьбі виявляють ті сили, про які дозволяє здогадуватися будова їх тіл. В точності те ж саме відчуваю я щодо зображеної нами держави: мені було б приємно послухати опис того, як ця держава веде себе в боротьбі з іншими державами, як вона гідним її чином вступає у війну, як у ході війни її громадяни роблять те, що їм личить.
Так ось, Критію і Гермократе, мені ясно, що сам я не впораюся із завданням прочитати належне похвальне слово чоловікам та державі. І в моїй нездатності немає нічого дивного: мені здається, що цього не можуть і поети, чи то давні, чи нові. Не те щоб я хотів образити рід поетів, але ж кожному ясно, що плем'я наслідувачів легше і найкраще відтворюватиме те, до чого кожен з них звик з ранніх років, а те, що лежить за межею звичного, для них ще важче добре відтворити в мові, ніж насправді.
Що стосується роду софістів, я, зрозуміло, завжди вважав його дуже досвідченим у складанні різноманітних промов і в інших прекрасних речах, але через те, що ці софісти звикли мандрувати з міста в місто і ніде не заводять власного будинку, у мене є підозра, що їм не під силу ті справи і слова, які здійснили філософи, і державні люди. Отже, залишається тільки рід людей вашого складу, за природою і вихованням і причетний філософським і державним заняттям.
Ось перед нами Тимей: будучи громадянином держави з такими прекрасними законами, як Локри Італійські, і не поступаючись нікому з тамтешніх уродженців за багатством і родовитістю, він досяг найвищих посад і почестей, які тільки може запропонувати йому місто, але в той же час піднявся, як мені здається, і на саму вершину філософа. Що стосується Критія, то вже про нього всі в Афінах знають, що він не невіглас ні в одному з предметів, які ми обговорюємо. Нарешті, Гермократ, за багатьма достовірними свідченнями, підготовлений до всіх цих міркувань і природою, і вишколом.
Тому і я вчора по зрілому роздумі охоче погодився, послухавши ваше прохання, викласти свої думки про державний устрій, бо знав, що, якщо ви погодитеся продовжувати, ніхто краще за вас цього не зробить; ви так здатні представити паші державу залученою в гідну її війну і діючою за своїми властивостями, як ніхто з людей, що нині живуть. Сказавши все, що від мене вимагалося, я, у свою чергу, звернув до вас ту вимогу, про яку зараз вам нагадую.

Порадившись між собою, ви погодилися віддарити мене словесним частуванням сьогодні; і зараз я, як бачте, приготувався до нього і з нетерпінням на нього чекаю."

Як наслідок, Критій розповідає історію про Атлантиду, почуту від свого діда (теж Критія), коли йому було десять років:

"Я розповім те, що чув як давню оповідь з вуст людини, яка сама була далеко не молода. Так, у ті часи нашому дідові було, за його словами, близько дев'яноста років, а мені – щонайбільше десять."

Сам дід Критія в свою чергу почув цю розповідь від Солона, в той від Єгипетського жреця. Отже, маємо оповідь, що перейшла через четверо уст.

"Солон розповідав, що коли він у своїх мандрівках прибув туди, його прийняли з великою шаною; коли ж він почав розпитувати про давні часи найдосвідченіших серед жерців, йому довелося переконатися, що ні сам він, ні взагалі хтось із еллінів, можна сказати, майже нічого про ці предмети не знає. Одного разу, намірившись перевести розмову на старі перекази, він спробував розповісти їм наші міфи про найдавніші події – про Форонея, шанованого за першу людину, про Ніобу і про те, як Девкаліон та Пірра пережили потоп; у своїй оповіді він намагався вивести родовід їхніх нащадків, і навіть обчислити за кількістю поколінь терміни, минулі з того часу. І тоді вигукнув один із жерців, людина дуже похилого віку:«Ах, Солоне, Солоне! Ви, елліни, вічно залишаєтесь дітьми, і нема серед еллінів старця!» «Чому ти так кажеш?» – спитав Солон. «Всі ви юні розумом, — відповів той, — бо ваші уми не зберігають у собі жодного переказу, який споконвічно переходив з роду в рід, і жодного вчення, що посивіло від часу. Причина ж тому ось яка. Вже були і ще будуть багаторазові та різні випадки смерті людей, і до того ж найстрашніші – через вогонь і воду, а інші, менш значні, через тисячі інших лих. Звідси й поширена у вас оповідь про Фаетона, сина Геліоса, який ніби колись запряг батьківську колісницю, але не зміг направити її по батьківському шляху, а тому спалив все на Землі і сам загинув, спопелений блискавкою. Припустимо, що в цій оповіді є багато від міфу, але в ньому міститься і правда: насправді, тіла, що обертаються небозводом навколо Землі, відхиляються від своїх шляхів, і тому через відомі проміжки часу все на Землі гине від великої пожежі. У такі часи жителі гір і піднесених або сухих місць схильні до гіршого винищення, ніж ті, хто живе біля річок чи моря; тому постійний наш благодійник Ніл рятує нас і від цієї біди, розливаючись. Коли ж боги, творячи над Землею очищення, затоплюють її водами, вціліти можуть волопаси і скотарі в горах, тим часом як мешканці ваших міст зносяться потоками в море,
але в нашій країні вода ні в такий час, ні в якийсь інший не падає на поля зверху, а, навпаки, за своєю природою піднімається знизу. З цієї причини перекази, що зберігаються у нас, найдавніші, хоч і вірно, що у всіх землях, де тому не перешкоджає надмірний холод чи жар, рід людський незмінно існує у більшому чи меншому числі. Яке б славне чи велике діяння чи взагалі чудова подія не відбулося, чи то в нашому краї чи в будь-якій країні, про яку ми отримуємо звістки, все це з давніх-давен змальовується в записах, які ми зберігаємо в наших храмах; тим часом у вас та інших народів щоразу, як тільки встигне виробитись писемність і все інше, що необхідно для міського життя, знову і знову в урочний час з небес скидаються потоки, наче мор, залишаючи з усіх вас лише неписьменних і невчених. І ви знову починаєте все спочатку, наче щойно народилися, нічого не знаючи про те, що відбувалося в давнину в нашій країні чи у вас самих. Взяти хоча б ті ваші родоводи Солоне, які ти щойно викладав, адже вони майже не відрізняються від дитячих казок. Таким чином, ви зберігаєте пам'ять тільки про один потоп, але їх було багато до цього; більше того, ви навіть не знаєте, що найпрекрасніший і найблагородніший рід людей жив колись у вашій країні. Ти сам і все твоє місто походите від тих небагатьох, хто залишився з цього роду, але ви нічого про нього не знаєте, бо їхні нащадки впродовж багатьох поколінь помирали, не залишаючи жодних записів і тому ніби не існували. Тим часом, Солоне, перед найбільшою і руйнівною повінню держава, нині відома під ім'ям Афін, була і у справах військової доблесті першою, і за досконалістю своїх законів стояла вище порівняння; переказ приписує їй такі дії та встановлення, які найпрекрасніше, що нам відомо під небом».

"З великих діянь вашої держави чимало таких, які відомі за нашими записами і є предметом захоплення; однак між ними є одне, яке перевищує велич і доблесті всі інші. Адже за свідченням наших записів, держава ваша поклала межу зухвалості незліченних військових сил, що вирушали на завоювання всієї Європи та Азії, шл��хом, що тримали від Атлантичного моря. Через море це в ті часи можна було переправитися, бо ще існував острів, що лежав перед протокою, яка називається вашою мовою Геракловими стовпами. Цей острів перевищував своїми розмірами Лівію та Азію, разом взяті, і з нього тодішнім мандрівникам легко було перебратися на інші острови, а з островів – на весь протилежний материк, який охоплював те море, що й справді заслуговує таку назву (адже море по цей бік згаданої протоки є лише затокою з вузьким проходом до нього, тоді як море по той бік протоки є море у власному значенні слова, так само як і навколишня земля воістину і цілком справедливо може бути названа материком). На цьому острові, що іменувався Атлантидою, виникло дивовижне за величиною і могутністю царство, чия влада тяглася на весь острів, на багато інших островів і на частину материка, а крім того, по цей бік протоки вони опанували Лівію аж до Єгипту з Європою до Тиррении."
Але пізніше, коли настав термін для землетрусу та повені, за одну жахливу добу вся ваша військова сила була поглинута землею, що розверзлася; і Атлантида зникла, занурившись у безодню."

Слід за цим переказом, Тимей вирішує оцінити становище такої країни у світі в цілому і не просто оцінити, а навіть дати опис цьому світові. Його створенні та законам.

Він каже:

"Розглянемо ж, як виник цей Всесвіт і ким був той, хто його влаштував. Він був благий, а той, хто благий, ніколи і в жодному ділі не відчуває заздрості.
Будучи відмінним заздрості, він побажав, щоб усі речі стали якомога подібніші до нього самого. Побачити в цьому за розумними чоловіками справжній і найголовніший початок народження і космосу було б, мабуть, найвірогідніше."



В підсумку маємо один із найвпливовіших творів Платона, який став базисом для багатьох майбутніх концепцій. Тут згадується і тероя гуморіа (рідин) , відкривається ідея троїстої душі. Не обійшлося без метемпсихозу де на вершині є життя в тілі чоловіка, нижче - жінки, ще нижче - в тілах тварин.

А завершити хочу описом процесу зору та основної функції для якої, за словами Платона, були створені очі:

"На мою думку, зір - це джерело найбільшої для нас користі; ось і в нинішньому нашому міркуванні ми не змогли б сказати жодного слова про природу Всесвіту, якби ніколи не бачили ні зірок, ні Сонця, ні неба. Оскільки ж день і ніч, круговороти місяців і років, рівнодення та сонцестояння зримі, очі відкрили нам число, дали поняття про час і спонукали досліджувати природу Всесвіту, а з цього виникло те, що називається філософією, тому не буде кращого подарунка смертному роду від богів. Я стверджую, що саме в цьому найвища користь очей. Чи варто оспівувати інші, маловажливі блага? Адже навіть і далека від філософії людина, осліпнувши, починає марно оплакувати втрату зору. Як би там не було, нам слід вважати, що причина, через яку бог винайшов і дарував нам зір, саме ця: щоб ми, спостерігаючи кругообігу розуму в небі, отримали користь для кругообігу нашого мислення, яке схоже на те, небесне, хоча на відміну від його незворушності воно може і схибити; а тому, зрозумівши і засвоївши природну правильність міркувань, ми повинні, наслідуючи бездоганні кругообіги бога, упорядкувати непостійні кругообіги всередині нас."
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August 24, 2024
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aquí se puede referir toda la cosmovisión antigua al pie de la letra la naturaleza explicada desde las matemáticas hasta el acto de copular INCREÍBLE muy bonita experiencia. es como estar leyendo Cosmos de Neil Degrasse Tyson pero con dioses y some of the randomest shit que te se les ocurrió meter para que tuviera sentido y sonara PRECIOSO.
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