Road to Armagedon
A well written summary of the factors leading to Hitler's rise and the Nazi execution of the Holocaust. History is not inevitable, and in this case there was a confluence of political moods and events which disastrously tipped in this direction. One such factor was the image of Bismarck as a successful militant redemptive political unifier with Hitler seen as his contemporary equivalent. Another was the lack of a German democratic tradition – Germany's first full democracy, the Wiemar Republic was established in 1918, its first act was to surrender to the Allies.
After the war a radical scapegoating of the Jews took hold, and here McMillan cites some interesting and popular precursors of Nazi policy. Heinrich Class. Chair of the Pan-Germanic League, who's book “If I were Emperor” went into 5 editions, considered Germans to be a race genetically superior to all others. He advocated stripping Jews of their right to vote or be employed in any form of government service, the military, law, media or theatre, nor could they own banks or rural land. Newspapers owned by Jews would have been required to be labelled and the State should subsidize cheap “German” newspapers to propagandize the masses. Friedrich von Bernhardi's 1912 best seller “Germany and the Next War”, advised a doctrine of Social Darwinism that opposed peace movements, arguing that war was a “biological necessity... [because] without war, all too easily inferior or degenerate races would overgrow the healthy vigorous elements”.
In Chapter 7 “Why Hitler”, McMillan draws on Theodore Able [Why Hitler came to Power] and others to examine what beliefs drew Germans into supporting the Nazis. The idea of a national community based on racial blood accounted for 1/3, while ultra-nationalist or volkish ideas of unity accounting for another 1/3. 2/3 actively despised Marxism. Only 20% idealized Hitler's leadership, 2/3 expressed hostility towards Jews but only 1/8th said that this motivated them to join the party. Half believed that the Weimar Republic had been a failure. Hindenburg, people felt, had acted as a dictator. What also accounted for the rise in the Nazi vote from 2.6% in 1928 to 33.1% in 1932 was the feeling that the Nazis had never been in the government and therefore was not to blame for the economic collapse that came with the depression.
But the real key, in McMillan's view, was the prevailing idea that loyalty to Hitler's charismatic authority as Fuehrer overrode both law and tradition. Hitler's followers were pathological sycophants each of them trying to out do the other in fulfilling what they believed Hitler expected. Hans Frank, head of the Germany Academy of Law: “Whether the Leader governs according to a formal written Constitution is not a legal question of the first importance. The legal question is only whether through his activity the Leader guarantees the existence of his people” (1938). Arthur Grieser, administrator of Danzig and the Westz: in 1941 he received Himmler's permission to “liquidate” 100,000 Jews by poison gas in Chelmo. Later when he asked to murder 30,000 Poles he stated “I myself do not believe that the Leader needs to be asked again... [since] with regard to he Jews he told me that I could proceed with these according to my own judgement.” Erich Nauman, commanded an Einzengruppen murder squad of several hundred in Belarus. At his postwar trial he justified his actions “because there was a Leader Order”. (pp132-136).
It's not that the German people nor those in the countries that the Nazis invaded were unaware of what was happening. Not only did Allied leaflets (Jan 1943) explain the purpose of the death camps, often members of the public filed requests with Nazi officials for Jewish homes, furniture and possessions belonging to their Jewish neighbours, even before they'd been removed. (p187)
The role of historians is to describe the road map that we've previously travelled so that we choose wisely. No one cause can explain the whole; there's always a mix. We must remember that Hitler alone would have been just another crank author of another turgid conspiracy book. Power, charisma, the ability to emotionally stir his audience drew others to him, which doesn't absolve his enablers. Without followers who amplified him, Hitler would have amounted to nothing.