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無國籍:一部關於身分、人權與國家主權的近代史

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個人權利取決於國家的保護?還是優先於政治而存在?
「無國籍」如何形塑並衝擊主權國家主導的國際秩序?

──第一本剖析無國籍者與國籍意義的必讀之作──

十九世紀以前,無國籍者只存在於小說故事,
二十世紀以後,無國籍者已成為動搖國際秩序的現實難題!
國家主權優先?人權保障優先?
國際上如何理解無國籍者的身分狀態,又如何確認國家之間的互動原則?

★國際研究協會2022年圭恰爾迪尼獎得主
★美國歷史學會2021年本特利獎得主

什麼叫「無國籍者」?他們是不被任何國家的法律承認其國籍,進而給予保護與權益的人士。今天,世上有超過一千萬人因戰爭、政治、天災、宗教迫害等原因而成為無國籍者,其中有三分之一以上為兒童。他們不屬於任何國家,而在大多數的權利保障都需靠各個主權國家來施行的情況下——

「沒有國籍,就意味著個人連基本權利都難以獲得保障!」

無國籍還意味著什麼呢?在國際政治思想史學家米拉.西格爾柏格眼中,無國籍者帶來的挑戰如今經常和難民、移民所面對的危機混為一談,但歷史顯示,無國籍問題在一次大戰後首次浮上國際舞台時,其實涉及更廣大的議題──

「要理解無國籍者,全世界必須重新定義何謂一國的公民;
要定義公民身分,便牽涉到國家邊界在政治上和法律上的劃分!」

▋無國籍者的處境,如何動搖一戰後至今的國際秩序?
  
在本書中,西格爾伯格將焦點放在兩次大戰前後與期間國際上對無國籍問題的回應,結合歷史、政治理論與法學,探討無國籍問題如何、以及為何迫使人們對二十世紀和後來的國際秩序發展出新的理解。

西格爾伯格強調,兩次大戰以前,歷史學家都傾向認為無國籍者應該被視為「法律上的異常存在」。然而,隨著戰後帝國勢力重組,促使民族、國家和國際法的未來都出現爭議,尤其當大量無法主張國籍身分的人進入國際社會,更觸發了對於個人權力基礎的爭論。

例如,一九二一年,英國法官在《斯托克訴公共受託人》案中以「尊重他國國籍法的合法性」為由,判決一名已放棄德意志帝國公民身分、也未歸化為英國公民的德裔商人為無國籍者。此一判決的突破性在於,戰前的歐洲帝國在決定潛在新移民的身分時,通常保留自身有解釋他國國籍法的權力;此判決成立之後,一方面首次提出了主權國家擁有界定其人民身分的終極權力,一方面也反映了戰後對於建立新的國際慣例與跨國秩序的期望與想像。

▋定義基本權利的最大挑戰──規範的制定應該仰賴法律認知,還是經驗觀察?

然而,無國籍者帶來的挑戰不僅止於此。本書檢視世上第一個致力於世界和平的跨國組織「國際聯盟」對於無國籍者的保護與法律承認,點出在全球秩序充滿不確定性的情況下,無國籍者的存在也威脅到該組織希望在國際社會中扮演的中立角色。

更有甚者,如果國聯將無國籍者確立為國際法的權利主體,就等於挑戰了國際法認為只有「國家」才具有行為能力的既有學說。出於人道主義而採取的措施,無論是普遍承認無國籍者的存在,或是考慮擴大難民事務委員會的權限,無國籍者的案例都可能成為法律學者有力的論據,提高國際法在全球治理中的地位與作用,進而造成國際政治秩序的動盪。

但相對的,究竟應該承認何種性質的行為人或實體才具有法律上的行為能力,是法律和政治思想中長期存在的辯論,而無國籍者的案例對此辯論的發展具有重大意義。個人權利究竟優先於政治而存在,或者個人只能夠依據國籍而衍生地擁有權利和法律地位?本書也進一步透過援引法學家之間的辯論,在探討個人是否可以直接透過國際法來主張法律承認的同時,也推敲法律塑造社會現實的能力與局限。

▋國際社會對無國籍的思辨,形塑了一段人權合作與國家主權行使交織的近代史

在探討無國籍問題時,本書提出了另一個少見的觀點,更能夠說明今天國際環境的現實。當歐洲難民危機在一九三○年代擴大,以及二戰之後發生更大規模的遷移與流亡危機,越來越多法學家視發展以「國家主權平等」為前提的新世界秩序為己任。與此同時,《世界人權宣言》將國籍權納為個人的基本權利,也進一步確立主權平等為跨國秩序的核心原則。

換言之,國際上對無國籍問題的處理與思辯,也促使世界發展為國家之間有形式平等的世界,逐步揮別過去帝國以「文明標準」建立的等級制度與權力不對稱。然而,對無國籍者而言,當國際環境發生重大轉變,他們等於被迫身處不同法律框架的夾縫之中,其處境深刻體現了人道干預與國家主權維護之間的矛盾。

因此,本書也爬梳曾為無國籍者的政治理論家漢娜‧鄂蘭對於無國籍的反思。鄂蘭指出,人具有普世人權一說似乎無庸置疑;但對於無國籍者來說,正因失去能保護他們的政府,無國籍者的人權即使理論上同樣不可侵犯,在現實卻是無處實施──即使渴望讓所有人都享有權利,但在主權國家主導的世界裡,唯有當個人有權利隸屬於某個政治共同體,人權才能獲得保障。

今天,無國籍者的困境依舊存在,並隨著大國政治的動態、大規模的移民、環境變遷造成領土發生改變等,持續衝擊我們對於「國家」、「人權」、「身分」等概念的既有定義。正因如此,本書所揭示政治與法律思想在現代國際秩序形成的過程中發揮的作用,遠比人們想像中更加關鍵。

透過闡述無國籍概念與國籍意義的演變,本書對於無國籍的探討將帶領讀者對國籍,以及國籍的擁有本身所彰顯的複雜性,有更深一層的認識與理解。

400 pages, Kindle Edition

First published October 6, 2020

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Displaying 1 - 10 of 10 reviews
Profile Image for Anna.
627 reviews41 followers
November 3, 2022
I am a historian, and my area of research is statelessness between the World Wars. So Mira Siegelberg's study on the significance of statelessness for the transformation of international law and the state in the twentieth century was a gift to me, albeit a thorny one as it could have taken away from what I wanted to do. So, needless to say, I was eager to read it.

The truth of the matter is: Despite a flood of publications on migration, flight and displacement, statelessness is very seldom explored in depth and a convincing treatise on the subject has not yet been published. Siegelberg wants to change that: She explores how and why legal and philosophical debates about statelessness fundamentally changed the understanding of international order and international law after the First World War by introducing new “ideas of collective self-determination, sovereignty, political representation, and democratic self-determination ”(p. 4). The material she uses comes from Archives of international politics as well as numerous theoretical treatises, court judgments and private correspondence.

She wants to emphasize the importance of ideas for international politics and develop a historically informed perspective on the current relationship between state and non-state legal systems. It's clearly a book for an interested reader and not for everyone, but for a specialist book it manages to be quite accessible. She tries to link its importance back to todays crises - climate change and flight - and I think this will be useful for people who don't really care all that much about the first half of the last century.

My takeaway? This is an impressive book that brings together different aspects of the historiography of statelessness and stresses the importance of the topic for the 20th century. It differentiates between various sub-groups within the stateless and analyzes their experience and hopes. The book identifies the personal stakes of lawyers and philosophers and traces the meaning of changes in ideas and theories for the real world. The style is easy to read if a bit stiff and overcomplex.

However, I do have some questions. For a book aiming "to reconstruct and clarify the arguments that shaped the eventual stabilization of shared understandings of citizenship and noncitizenship in the decades following the Second World War" (p. 3), 190 pages (out of 230) only on the interwar period and the developments during the Second World war seem too much. Siegelberg's remarks on post-colonial developments and the importance of the “end of history” in the 1990s point to exciting contexts and promising fields of research, but the actual text fall short of expectations. Even if after 1945 the importance of statelessness in the discourses on international politics decreased rapidly, I suspct the reason for this is more of a tactical nature.

A second point of criticism is fundamentally related to the origin of the publication in the history of ideas. Siegelberg fails to always clearly outline the relationship between the history of ideas and contemporary politics, i.e. to clearly delineate the importance of the debates described. To what extent did the legal debates and conferences contribute to a policy change? Did they mirror or follow it?

Despite these criticisms, “Statelessness. A Modern History.“ is pleasant book that enriches the research landscape and gives new impulses to historians. (It did not, however, ruin my PHD. Phew.) Mira Siegelberg demonstrates the importance of statelessness for the system of human rights and international law that emerged after the Second World War. She uses debates about the legal category of statelessness and about concrete solution strategies to describe the change in the international order after 1945.

In short: It might not be a perfect book, but it sure is a good one. And where literature about statelessness is hard to come by, this addition is a breath of fresh air.
Profile Image for Mohamed Adam.
340 reviews58 followers
November 15, 2022
كان الكتاب دسما ثقيلا
لا أدي هل لأني لم أقرأ في القانون فضلا عن القانون الدولي من قبل ؟ ان لاني متوقف عن القراءة العامة من وقت طويل ؟ أم مشكلة بالترجمة؟

انعدام الجنسية بدأ بانهيار عصر الامبراطوريات وبداية عصر الدول بعد الحرب العالمية الأولى
ومر بتعقيدات قانونية كثيرة حول صفة المواطنة والجنسية
ومثلت صراعات بين سيادة الدول والقانون الدولي

والنظريات القانونية المختلفة حول اهمية الجنسية والصفة الاعتبارية ودور الفرد في القانون الدولي

ثم ظهرت التحديات مرة أخرى بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية وازاد الجدل حول مدى قدرة تدخل المؤسسات العالمية والقانون الدولي ونظرية الفرد العالمي

وفي الخاتمة تعرض الكاتبة المشكلات الحديثة واحتمالية اختفاء بعض الدول نتيجة التغيرات المناخية وتبعات ذلك على النازحين من تلك الدول.
Profile Image for Samantha.
285 reviews3 followers
October 29, 2021
Woof. I am not a legal scholar, nor do I aspire to be one, but if you are/do, you may enjoy this tour of the early-to-mid-20th century history of stateless persons and the ways in which legal academics and philosophers shaped our modern international state-based order. Then again, you may not. A really worthwhile topic but an approach that I couldn't really get excited about: dense with legal theory.
Profile Image for Faisal Jamal.
383 reviews19 followers
July 22, 2023
يناقش الكتاب ظاهرة انعدام الجنسية التي ظهرت بعد انهيار الامبراطوريات بنهاية الحرب العالمية الاولى من الناحية القانونية وامتداداتها للوقت الحالي
Profile Image for V.
45 reviews
November 1, 2023
extremely academic and informative but will only recommend if you’re doing a DPhil 😬
Profile Image for Joanna.
1,414 reviews
October 2, 2024
This is not all I hoped it would be in terms of examining the situations that lead to statelessness and the proposed solutions, but it does give a decent overview of the legal debates at the UN.
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