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Big History: Between Nothing and Everything

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Big Between Nothing and Everything surveys the past not just of humanity, or even of planet Earth, but of the entire universe. In reading this book instructors and students will retrace a voyage that began 13.7 billion years ago with the Big Bang and the appearance of the universe. Big history incorporates findings from cosmology, earth and life sciences, and human history, and assembles them into a single, universal historical narrative of our universe and of our place within it.  

The first edition of Big Between Nothing and Everything , is written by the pioneers of the field, and presents a framework for learning about anything and everything. It encourages students to think critically about our cumulative history and the future of the world through a variety of lenses.

Instructors and students can now access their course content through the Connect digital learning platform by purchasing either standalone Connect access or a bundle of print and Connect access. McGraw-Hill Connect® is a subscription-based learning service accessible online through your personal computer or tablet. Choose this option if your instructor will require Connect to be used in the course. Your subscription to Connect includes the

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352 pages, Paperback

Published August 9, 2013

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About the author

David Christian

69 books420 followers
David Gilbert Christian is an Anglo-American historian and scholar of Russian history notable for creating and spearheading an interdisciplinary approach known as Big History. He grew up in Africa and in England, where he earned his B.A. from Oxford University, an M.A. in Russian history from the University of Western Ontario, and a Ph.D. in 19th century Russian history from Oxford University in 1974.

He began teaching the first course in 1989 which examined history from the Big Bang to the present using a multidisciplinary approach with assistance from scholars in diverse specializations from the sciences, social sciences, and humanities. The course frames human history in terms of cosmic, geological, and biological history. He is credited with coining the term Big History and he serves as president of the International Big History Association.

Christian's best-selling Teaching Company course entitled Big History caught the attention of philanthropist Bill Gates who is personally funding Christian's efforts to develop a program to bring the course to high school students worldwide in part via the website http://www.bighistoryproject.com

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Displaying 1 - 9 of 9 reviews
Profile Image for Mitch Flitcroft.
94 reviews9 followers
March 16, 2018
This textbook gives a brief history of the universe. It is told through the development of eight breakthroughs—“thresholds”— that begin with the Big Bang and end with the Anthropocene of the modern world. It is the story of pockets of growing complexity despite encroaching entropy

The two most important concepts in this book are thresholds and complexity. Thresholds are used as a heuristic for understanding how increasing complexity reaches a tipping point whereby it gives rise to emergent properties.

Complexity
No real definition of a complex entity is provided, but these are its characteristics:
1. Contains diverse components.
2. Arranged within a precise structure.
3. Has emergent properties.
4. Appears in “Goldilocks” conditions.
5. Held together by flows of energy.

Thresholds
There are eight major thresholds in Big History which give rise to (⟶) emergent properties:
1. Big Bang ⟶ potential to create everything.
2. Stars ⟶ energy flows and potential for fusion.
3. Heavy chemical elements ⟶ Chemical combination.
4. Planets ⟶ greater physical and chemical complexity.
5. Life ⟶ metabolism and adaption.
6. Homo Sapiens ⟶ Collective learning (i.e., sharing information).
7. Agriculture ⟶ greater energy extraction.
8. Anthropocene ⟶ controlling the biosphere.

This story of the universe has only been uncovered in the last century as a result of chronometric dating, plate tectonics, the cosmic background radiation, and other recent scientific developments. These developments allow us to go beyond the written record and illuminate billions of year of history unbeknownst to our ancestors. It behooves us to learn this history.
890 reviews57 followers
February 7, 2017
This is the first book I ever read in the new field of study, big history. It is a macroview of the universe, starting with the big bang moving forward to the modern world, the Anthropocene. I found it a compelling read, though very long, moving from a universe of energy to atoms, to stars, to planets, to life, to humans. Not being a biblical literalist, I found it a good history of the everything, from the creation of the world until today. It seems to me that though many historians and archaeologists find reason to question the Bible's specific history, yet the bible narrative with the emergence of humans and the societies described in the OT fit nicely into big history. Learned a lot about how events fell together to make the 15th century a watershed in human development - how Europe, Africa, China and the Americas fit into the puzzle to create the modern world. Human society is very young, there is no such thing as the way it always was. Life on the planet has been marked by change, which is how we got to where we are. It amazed me how many things of society and "history" are all quite modern and prove humanity does have a trait of constant change.
Profile Image for YHC.
885 reviews5 followers
February 21, 2019
--全球套利到 16 世纪中期,欧洲人(最早是西班牙征服者)逐渐意识到,他们处于全球网络核心的这种新地位的真正优势,不仅在于开发这些网络的特定部分,也在于通过让货物在不同世界区流动而创造的套利利润之中。他们开始发现世界第一个全球贸易体系的巨大商业潜力。在这个新兴的全球套利体系中,有两个关键要素,即秘鲁的白银和中国快速增长的经济。在 15 世纪,随着中国人口增长和商业发展,中国政府需要更多白银来铸币。一开始,他们在日本找到了所需的白银。然而,到了 16 世纪,人口增长——玉米、甘薯和花生等美洲农作物的引进也促进了这种增长——导致白银供不应求。中国政府开始要求以白银交税,白银的相对价值上涨,日本不再能够满足中国的需求。

事实上,据估计,1500 年到 1800 年间,美洲开采的白银有 75% 最终流入中国。中国的高银价和美洲的低银价(因为美洲存在大量白银,而且是在恶劣环境下使用奴隶开采的)推动了世界第一个全球交换体系的运转,也为世界第一个全球金融网络的创建提供了条件。世界第一种全球货币,即西班牙比索支配着那个贸易体系。16 世纪 40 年代,中国的银价是欧洲的两倍,而中国的丝绸和瓷器比欧洲相应的产品更便宜(质量也更好)。这就是大规模全球套利所创造的超额利润的机会。

--哥伦布大交换随着货物、思想、财富、人口、技术、宗教、动物、植物和疾病在不同世界区之间的交流,整个世界也开始在生态上连接在一起。阿尔弗雷德·克罗斯比(Alfred Crosby)把动植物和病菌的这种全球交换称为“哥伦布大交换”。正如他指出的,世界最后一次像这样联系在一起是在 2 亿年前,那时,所有主要的大陆结合成泛大陆。现在,绵羊、牛、马、猪和山羊第一次来到美洲(马也存在于旧石器时代的美洲,不过,随着最初的人类的到来,它们很快就被消灭了)。由此造成的结果是革命性的。在北美洲,从农耕或采集生活中幸存下来的土著社会在马上打猎,从而创造了大平原地区印第安人的马背文化。随着役畜的到来,马匹也彻底改变了美洲运输和农业面貌,犁耕文化开始取代过去的锄耕文化。输入的牛、猪和山羊在野外或大庄园大量繁殖,它们通常取代了当地物种,也让草场(以前没有喂养过这么多的食草动物)恶化。到 17 世纪,几千年来未曾见过如此多动物的土地上,生活着 700 万到 1000 万头有蹄动物。新的农作物也传到美洲,包括小麦、燕麦和甘蔗。欧洲的驯化物种的传播有助于殖民者(基本上为欧洲血统)建造一系列“新欧洲”,即农业、政府、文化和生活方式以欧洲为模版的社会。这些新社会最初出现在美洲,不过最终也会出现在澳大拉西亚以及太平洋和非洲部分地区。这种生态交流也以相反的方向进行:美洲向非洲和欧亚大陆输出本地农作物,如玉米、马铃薯、烟草、西红柿、甘薯以及南瓜。全世界的农业社会可以获得更多样化的农作物,它们可以在最适合的区域内种植。由此带来的一个影响,就是全球农业革命,这场革命是接下来两个世纪人口增长的基础。全世界的消费者都可以得到咖啡、烟草和蔗糖等刺激物,由此创造了一个前所未有的娱乐性药物世界。疾病也在全球传播,不过,这种交流很大程度上是单向的。疾病曾经肆掠非洲-欧亚大陆的贸易网络,大批消灭对它们没有免疫力的人口,现在,它们在全球传播,后果更具毁灭性。美洲的主要杀手是天花、麻疹和斑疹伤寒,欧洲人对这些疾病已经有了一些免疫力。在所有较小世界区,它们的影响是灾难性的,因为这些地区没有像非洲-欧亚大陆社会那样大规模交换过疾病和免疫力。可以想见,人口最稠密和疾病传播最迅速的地区,破坏也最大。据估计,在中美洲人口最密集地区,人口数量在 16 世纪下降了 90% 到 95%,安第斯地区下降了 70%。随着人口减少,原来的社会、政治和宗教组织崩溃,这样,西班牙人也更容易仿照他们的伊比利亚故土、农作物和文化建造一个帝国。在接下来几个世纪,相同的现象会一再发生。非洲-欧亚大陆的疾病为欧洲殖民者清理出许多空间,从而使他们可以引入自己的农作物、人口、宗教、政府结构和耕作方法。

---通过一场没有造成大规模破坏的短暂内战,日本于 1868 年结束了旧制度;随着 15 岁的年轻皇帝即明治天皇(1868—1912 在位)的登基,日本很快迎来了一个新时代。日本以前没有统一的货币和国家军队;每个领主(大名)都拥有自己的军事力量(武士)、法律和收税系统。在巩固政权和废除封建制度之后,明治政府制定了一项发展计划,通过利用现代西欧提供的一切事物来改造日本;由于几乎没有资本家为发展计划投资,因此,政府提供了绝大部分资金。一些封建贵族摇身一变,成了成功的商业领袖和一种新的工业精英。农民获得了他们的土地以及肥料和工具,农业产量不断增长。通过丝绸生产的机械化,日本丝织品比手工生产的中国丝织品更便宜。城市工人的游行示威遭到残酷镇压,他们直到 1920 年才获得选举权。自然资源尤其石油的匮乏,致使日本很早就具有扩张主义倾向。1894 年到 1895 年,日本打败中国,占领了台湾岛和朝鲜半岛;为了一试身手,与正在进行工业化的俄国进行对抗,1904 年到 1905 年,日本打败俄国,把影响扩张到朝鲜半岛和满洲(中国东北——编者注),并且在那里搜寻本国缺乏的一些原材料。

--1800 年,欧洲人占领或控制了世界陆地面积的 35%;1878 年,这一数据上升到 67%,1914 年超过 84%。如果把欧洲人在 16 世纪和 17 世纪对美洲的占领算作欧洲征服的第一次浪潮,那么 19 世纪就是第二次浪潮。

--英国从印度鸦片——主要销往中国——获得的利润如此丰厚,以至于世界贸易结构被颠倒过来;白银开始从中国流向英国,而之前几个世纪白银一直以相反的方向流动。

--在中国,人口增长迅速,从 17 世纪中期到 19 世纪中期,中国人口增加了三倍多,原因在于,从美洲引入的作物——玉米、甘薯、马铃薯和花生——提高了农业产量。由于不存在吸收额外工人的工业化,因此,中国人发展了更集约化的农业来养活不断增加的人口。中国早就种植棉花并且为其民众生产棉衣,同时出口丝绸、瓷器和茶叶。英国根本没有中国人想要的东西,白银除外,因为中国需要白银铸币,从而为其经济提供通货。到 1800 年,英国已经向中国输送了大量白银;英国纺织工人和煤矿工人将他们收入的 5% 花费在中国茶叶上(以银币购买茶叶),而白银则来自英国人的奴隶贸易,即把从非洲抓来的奴隶卖给美洲的西班牙殖民者。

--中国政府也衰落了。尽管中国人口在不到 200 年时间增长了三倍多,不过,它的官僚机构并没有扩大。一场广泛的农民叛乱即太平天国起义导致了可怕的内战,这场战争从 1850 年持续到 1864 年,将近 2000 万人因此丧生。1873 年到 1896 年间,国际贸易体系也出现衰退(价格在英国下降了 40%),不过,正如前面所说的,鸦片贸易可能阻止了这个体系的崩溃。1899 年到 1901 年间,中国又爆发了另一场农民运动,即义和团运动,在西方列强和日本的帮助下,这场运动被镇压。1911 年,中国的帝国政府瓦解。到 1800 年早期,美国人通过在土耳其种植的鸦片,也参与到鸦片贸易中。

---19 世纪,通过逐渐采用金本位货币制度,欧洲国家和美国开始鼓励世界范围的自由贸易。然而,1873 年维也纳证券市场的崩溃,引发了一次全欧洲的萧条。许多工业化国家以建立关税(自由贸易的反面)的方式来保护本国的工业和产品。它们彼此竞争,开始对殖民地实施直接统治,因为殖民者希望自己在获取殖民地市场和原料上获得更有利地位。它们对非洲的殖民地展开争夺,仅仅在 1880 年到 1900 年间,欧洲国家就瓜分了非洲大陆。欧洲对非洲的争夺得益于两大创新。首先,通过服用奎宁(在南美一种树木的树皮中找到的)预防疟疾的方法被发现,使得欧洲人可以在撒哈拉沙漠以南非洲生存下来。其次就是海勒姆·马克沁(Hiram Maxim,1840—1916)发明的一种可靠的机关枪,即马克沁机关枪。马克沁是一位移居英国的美国人,他在 19 世纪 80 年代中期向外界展示了他的机关枪,到 1890 年时,他向其他欧洲国家出售它。英国人一开始在印度、然后在非洲使用了这种枪,在非洲进行的一场 5 小时的战斗中,英国人以损失 20 名士兵的代价射杀了 11000 名苏丹士兵。到 1900 年,英国、法国、德国和比利时瓜分了非洲大部分地区,葡萄牙继续占据它 17 世纪在安哥拉的殖民地。英国独自控制非洲约 60% 的土地。埃塞俄比亚击败了欧洲最弱的国家意大利,它与利比里亚成为保持独立的两个非洲国家.
Profile Image for Andrew Davis.
61 reviews
April 28, 2017
This college text-book is a readable and interesting history of the universe from the big bang to a history of the future. It provides enough information about each era so that the reader is informed without becoming bogged down in detail. The thirteen chapters cover the formation of the universe, our solar system, life, and early human evolution. It continues with a history of agriculture, the emergence of cities and empires around the world and their subsequence histories, the modern revolution, and globalism. It concludes with educated guesses about the near, intermediate, and far futures of civilization and the universe. The book includes many maps, graphs, photographs, study questions, a brief bibliography for each chapter, glossary, and index. This book is suitable for advanced high school and college students, as well as readers such as myself who are curious about the big story of the universe.
Profile Image for John Lyman.
587 reviews6 followers
November 26, 2022
This book, textbook technically, should be a must read for all high school students. I read it because I watched the Fox TV series based partly on it. I feel so much more knowledgeable about the history of everything, especially human beings. My two complaints are that they barely mentioned the ever increasing threat of plastic pollution. Also, it’s a shame that, not only was it a little bit difficult to find its listing here on GoodReads, but it was also a challenge to find it on Amazon. What a shame for such an important book.
Profile Image for Liquidlasagna.
3,134 reviews113 followers
November 25, 2023

Someone said it......

one third of this book is basically just what HG Wells tried to do with history.....

and well I think HG Wells was was more interesting

.............

some cruel reviewers might say that the author tries to say everything and nothing....

His only decent book is him editing one of the Cambridge history books, which they keep updating every 30 years......

Profile Image for Pam Shelton-Anderson.
1,995 reviews67 followers
April 28, 2016
Wow! What a journey. This is a textbook but an absorbing read. It literally starts with the beginning of the universe and takes a big view of history in a remarkable and fascinating meld of science and history. This is a book to be read many times in the future.
28 reviews1 follower
June 13, 2018
不管在哪里发生,工业革命都会引起社会生活的巨大变化。这种转变的标志为:工厂代替农场和田园,时钟代替季节,小家庭代替大家族,变化代替稳定性。与以往不同,许多人在其一生中都能感受到这种变化的社会和技术变革。这是一本手机适合全人类思考关于人类起源发展的书,从物理生物化学地理国家民族技术革命历史事件,一种流动的变化的全球化的视角,不局限。其中对于国家和民族意识的定义让我有新的灵感,是一本值得一读再读刷新自己思维模式的书。
Profile Image for James Shorto.
Author 4 books3 followers
May 30, 2022
Well planned and laid out and Surprisingly concise considering it walks you through the history of everything
Displaying 1 - 9 of 9 reviews