As is true about classics, they are not only a very authentic expression of the author’s views and ideas, but also by large, present a mirror for the world we live in. This is one reason why it is difficult to review them. For, it calls not only an undivided attention towards the ideas expressed and opinions raised, but also for a deep introspection; a meditation on the relevance of ideas presented, their importance on the working of society and their necessity in the wake of everyday life.
Confessions, is about this and more. In addition to being the first major autobiography of an individual’s own life, the Confessions presents to us the various points in the life of author which determined the penning and reason of his other major works including Emile, The Social Contract and Discourse on Inequality. In other words, it forms a background reading towards understanding his other works.
In the words of Rousseau, the reason of writing this work was to present an honest account of his life, character and various undertakings (music composition, letter writing and essay writing) and also as an answer or justification against the laments of his unjust enemies, who, in his own opinion, instigated a plot against his reputation. Amongst others, including his friends, the one name that was frequently mentioned was that of Voltaire. Disappointed with the ways of high society and suffering immensely for their disdains, Rousseau decided to live a simple, rustic life i.e. relinquishing the material comforts and leading a life with bare minimum necessities. It is what forms the background of his works, ‘Discourse on inequality’ and ‘The Social Contract’, where he emphasizes on the natural state of a human being i.e. the physical freedom and a liberty to do essentially as they wish. It must be noted here, that Rousseau believed himself to be a subject of ridicule and disdain of his friends for his decision to lead a simple life.
Though, it was this stand of his, which made his account seem biased in the sense that there was a consistent rambling of the wrongs that he had supposedly suffered on behalf of his enemies. Although, Rousseau, in the very beginning state that-
“Since I have undertaken to reveal myself absolutely to the public, nothing about me must remain hidden or obscure. I must remain incessantly beneath his gaze, so that he may follow me in all the extravagances of my heart and into every least corner of my life. Indeed, he must never lose sight of me for a single instant, for if he finds the slightest gap in my story... he may wonder what I was doing at that moment... I am laying myself sufficiently open to human malice by telling my story, without rendering myself more vulnerable by any silence.”
and is commendable in the sense that he provides incidents of his own deeds/misdeeds (including theft, his being utterly romantic and state of passion evoked for many women in his life), but still, it somehow seems an exaggerating fact that the whole world (barring three or four very close people) were involved in a conspiracy to ruin his name; this, being the reason why I gave a star less to the work. Here, I also accept that since this is my first reading of a Rousseau work and I haven’t yet read any of his other works or works by his contemporaries, I might also be having an unfair view on the matter. I, therefore, request my friends to suggest me some other works which may lead to clarify my doubts.
One other thing that constantly bothered and seemed questionable was Rousseau’s decision of leaving his children (from wedlock with Theresa) with asylums for the fear that they might be exposed to inferior ways and ideas as practised by other members of Theresa’s family. A man of such learning as Rousseau, taking such action and leaving his own children, display a lack of empathy, which I believe is the very basic of a natural state (as proposed by Rousseau) of human beings. He himself acted as a contradiction to his own views/ beliefs. Though, according to him, it was for the reason that he thought his children would get a better education at asylums than at home, but, it is still unbelievable that he would renounce them and wouldn’t go back even once to see if they got the education he desired for them. And the irony, that he undertook the writing of “Emile- on Education” for the sole purpose of explaining the importance of education. I wonder if he ever contemplated, that abandoned children could face with such anxiety in their lives, that it may render the whole idea of purpose of education irrelevant to them.
During his life, he also witnessed and was tormented by the wide gap between the rich and poor class of the society. That is, of the ways in which sometimes, the people from poor class were exploited by rich class. And also of the ways in which rich or royalty engaged while conversing or dealing with people from lower strata of society. Here he also cited the various incidents, where he felt, that his friends from royalty acted disparagingly. This, being the reason why he wrote ‘Discourse on Inequality’.
Rousseau, during his later years, was expelled by the governments of various places he resided at. So that, his life became a constant changing of places and sufferings he endured, each time he had to move from a place. It is actually very disheartening to note that the governments/ royalty of various states and countries were intent on expelling a man, who was not afraid to put his ideas into words, or as Rousseau himself says,was a victim of a conspiracy designed against him by his enemies. Owing to my little knowledge on the subject, I cannot be a judge of that.
On the whole, the journey through Confessions was not only an insight into the life of Rousseau but also into the ways of the society he lived in. It left me with a keen sense of perplexity and a still bigger question- Has the society improved as a whole, on the views raised in the work or is it an altogether lost cause?