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The Sixth Element: How Carbon Shapes Our World

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A cosmic perspective on carbon—its importance in the universe and our lives

When we think of carbon, we might first think of a simple element near the top of the periodic symbol C, atomic number 6. Alternatively, we might think of something more tangible—a sooty piece of coal or a sparkling diamond, both made of carbon. Or, as Earth’s temperature continues to rise alarmingly, we might think of the role carbon plays in climate change. Yet carbon’s story begins long ago, far from earthly concerns. In The Sixth Element , astronomers Theodore Snow and Don Brownlee tell the story of carbon from a cosmic perspective—how it was born in the fiery furnaces of stars, what special chemical and physical properties it has, and how it forms the chemical backbone of the planets and all life as we know it. Foundational to every part of our lives, from our bodies to the food, tools, and atmosphere that sustain our existence, carbon is arguably humankind’s most important element.

Snow and Brownlee offer readers the ideal introduction to the starry element that made our world possible and shapes our lives. They first discuss carbon’s origin, discovery, and unique ability to bond with other elements and form countless molecules. Next, they reveal carbon’s essential role in the chemical evolution of the universe and the formation and evolution of galaxies, stars, planets, and life, and then, more generally, its technological uses and its influence on Earth’s climate. Bringing readers on a historical, scientific, and cross-disciplinary journey, The Sixth Element illuminates the cosmic wonder that is carbon.

264 pages, Hardcover

Published June 4, 2024

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Theodore P. Snow

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Displaying 1 - 4 of 4 reviews
93 reviews
January 19, 2025
Fans of organic chemistry will absolutely LOVE this thrilling tale on CARBON, arguably the most important element on the periodic table. Such highlights include
- space chat
- lots of diagrams of molecules (love)
- history and discussion of famous scientists (shoutout to Avogadro)
- DIAMONDSSSSSS
- existential crises when you realise you wouldn't even be sitting here reading a book on carbon without the existence of carbon

ALL HAIL CARBON
Profile Image for Waylon Lin.
79 reviews
January 19, 2026
📖 《第六號元素》
✍️ 作者:希歐多爾·P. 斯諾(美)、唐·布朗利(美)

🌌 當你仰望星空時,會想起——我們其實都是星塵的一部分。

🧪 碳(Carbon, C)—原子序數 6

這個元素在近代可說是超級熱門🔥。全世界的國家都在談「減碳」,但它究竟是什麼?為什麼一方面構成了生命的基礎,另一方面又成了引發地球溫室效應的元兇?

書中詳細介紹了碳的化學特性:
🔗 高度親和力,非常喜歡與其他原子結合。
正因如此,碳成為星際空間中最豐富分子類型的基礎。

在地球上,這種特性讓碳能形成極其複雜的有機化合物,例如:
🍬 葡萄糖(C₆H₁₂O₆) ——生命能量的重要來源。

此外,碳還擁有迷人的同素異形體:
✏️ 石墨
💎 鑽石
🧬 以及極具未來潛力的設計材料——石墨烯。

🌟 碳的起源

這一段的天文物理概念對我來說幾乎是「有聽沒有懂」🤯,只能先抓住大方向理解:

宇宙中的碳並非誕生於大爆炸(當時只有氫、氦與極少量的鋰)。
☀️ 只有當恆星的質量超過太陽的一半時,其核心溫度才足以製造碳。

這形成了一個壯闊的宇宙循環:
⭐ 恆星生成碳 →
💥 透過超新星爆炸或星風釋放 →
🌌 成為星際物質 →
🌍 再進入新一代的恆星與行星之中。

💎 宇宙中的鑽石雨與鑽石星球

鑽石是碳的另一種形式,也是人類歷史上的經典奢侈品✨,以其稀有性、耐久性,以及著名的 4C 標準(克拉、切工、顏色、淨度)聞名。

但更誇張的是——
🌧️ 宇宙中竟然真的有會下「鑽石雨」的星球!
甚至還可能存在整顆都是鑽石的恆星💥。

像木星、土星,甚至可能包括天王星與海王星,它們的大氣層富含碳,且在深處具有極高的壓力與溫度,足以讓碳被壓縮、結晶,形成寶石級鑽石,於是出現了所謂的「鑽石雨」。

🔭 另外,超過 97% 的恆星最終都會演化為白矮星。
當白矮星逐漸冷卻並結晶,其內部可能會變成一顆巨大的宇宙鑽石。

想像一下生活在那種星球上——
不是餓死,就是被鑽石砸死吧 XD 😂

🌋 至於地球上的鑽石,則是透過每小時數百公里的高速火山噴發(形成金伯利岩管道)被帶到地表。如果沒有這種劇烈噴發,地球深處大量的鑽石將永遠不會被人類發現。

有些鑽石甚至起源於地幔極深處(可達 660 公里),它們包裹著深層地質物質,像「小型偷渡者」一樣被帶到地表,成為研究地心結構的珍貴材料🔬。

🧊 鑽取南極冰核

科學家會鑽取南極冰層中的冰核,透過其中封存的微小氣泡,來重建過去數十萬年的大氣成分🌬️,這些氣泡就像是時間膠囊,默默記錄著地球的歷史。

🔭 說到底,還是物理學

其實,許多天文觀測的原理並不複雜✨。
例如科學家如何發現行星圍繞恆星運轉:

🪐 當系外行星從恆星與觀測者之間通過時,會遮擋部分星光,使恆星亮度略微下降。
📉 亮度下降的程度,能幫助科學家推算行星的大小。

如果行星擁有大氣層,
🌈 星光穿過大氣時產生的光譜特徵,還能讓科學家分析其中是否含有水蒸氣、氧氣或甲烷,進一步探索是否具備生命的可能性。

✨ 一本從「碳」出發,一路延伸到宇宙、生命與物理本質的迷人作品。
Profile Image for Randy.
289 reviews6 followers
March 31, 2025
It's a nice book on everything related to carbon, but certain background knowledge would be very helpful. I did see a couple of strange errors (bases as amino acids, certain elements, such as Calcium, disappearing from intergalactic space).
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