This play by Camus on the concept of absurd is based upon the Lives of the Twelve Caesars by the Latin historian, Suetonius. According to the work, Caius Caesar Caligula, third of the twelve Caesars, who came to power in 37AD at the age of twenty-five, ruled for four years until he was assassinated in 41AD by his Patricians.*
The reason of his assassination was his cruelty against everyone, which led him to murder people on whims. There are different accounts on his changed state of mind after the death of his sister Drusilla, whom he intended to marry. But Camus chose to depict the state of absurd through the madness of Caesar. So he came up with this play which was written during the late 1930’s and was published around the time he published The Stranger and The Myth of Sisyphus.
It is quite intriguing to observe the wide canvas of Camus’ thoughts in which he painted the absurd in different motifs. A clerk in The Stranger, An Emperor in Caligula, A doctor in The Plague or A lawyer in The Fall. All of them expressing absurd in different situations owing to different circumstances, the magnitude of their suffering remaining equal even while their inferences from their situations varied; indifference for Meursault, Nihilism for Caligula or Solidarity for Dr. Rieux. In Sisyphus Camus says, “A sub-clerk in the post office is equal to a Conqueror if consciousness is common to them.” Camus experimented with different states of mind while striving to reach for a finality which could make sense even in the awareness of absurd.
Since God didn’t matter to him as he wasn’t born in a family of religiously adhered people; his only tryst with religion being his communion at the age of ten which was done more to confirm to a societal way than for religious purpose, he also couldn’t relate to the ideas proposed by either Theist or Atheist Existential philosophers. So he was trying to make a tabula rasa on the basis of which he could construct something. In this endeavour he experimented with absurd in different scenarios. His later works concentrated more on the affirmation of need of Solidarity to make some sense but I still think he could have come up with something more substantial if it wasn’t for his untimely death.
Meursault’s absurd was reconciled with “the benign indifference of the Universe”, Dr. Rieux’s absurd with the feeling of solidarity for fellow sufferers whereas Caligula’s absurd was only reconciled with suicide (he kind of helped his patricians to murder him).
In this play, Caligula becomes aware of the absurd when he realizes that “men are dying and they are not happy”. In order to overcome this feeling of despair, he tries to indulge in the extremities to the point of nihilism, so that he can at least experience his control over life.
CALIGULA: But I must know where to place it. And what is a firm hand to me, of what use to me is so much astonishing power if I can’t change the order of things? If I can’t make the sun lie down in the east, until suffering decreases and lives are no longer expiring? No, Caesonia, it is insignifi¬cant to sleep or to stay awake if I don’t have any influence over the direction of this world.
In his awareness, Caligula yearns for the impossible, he wants moon. Since he cannot have the moon then everything else stands on equal footing. He yields to nihilism and becomes destructive. Though even this he experiences with the knowledge of futility. And perhaps that is why he aids Cherea in his own murder at the hands of his Patricians. In Sisyphus Camus says that Absurd doesn’t dictate death i.e. even if a man becomes aware of the absurd, suicide cannot be/ shouldn’t be the outcome of that because it will undermine the value of life. But in Caligula, he further rejects the nihilism of the emperor which threatens the human existence, making it devoid of a meaning, so that his murder, which also seems like a suicide, is the act of restoring a greater truth proposed by Camus i.e. though the Universe be absurd but the absurd man cannot disown his rebellion by yielding to destruction thereby threatening the human life.
FIRST PATRICIAN: He wants our death before anything.
CHEREA: No, that is secondary. Now he employs his power in the service of a higher and more deadly passion. He threatens us through what we hold most deeply. Without doubt, this isn’t the first time that, among us, a man has com¬mand of an unlimited power. But it’s the first time that he uses it without constraints; as far as to deny the existence of mankind and the world. That is the thing which alarms me about him and what I wish to oppose. To lose one’s life is no great matter and I’ll have this courage when it will be necessary to do so. But to see the meaning of this life dissipated, our reason to exist disappear, that’s the thing which is unbearable. A man cannot live without reason.
Caligula is an important play, adding another perspective to the oeuvre of Camus’ works on absurd.
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*From the Notes on Caligula by Christopher Williams.